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219 <li id="menu-item-88" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-88"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/leptis-magna/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Leptis Magna</a></li> 220 <li id="menu-item-4784" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4784"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/marius-canal-fossae-marianae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Mariusâ Canal</a></li> 221 <li id="menu-item-4788" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4788"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/narbonne/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Narbonne</a></li> 222 <li id="menu-item-12439" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12439"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/nile-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Nile Delta</a></li> 223 <li id="menu-item-7132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7132"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/nirou-khani/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Nirou Khani</a></li> 224 <li id="menu-item-89" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-89"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/portus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Portus Augusti</a></li> 225 <li id="menu-item-7938" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7938"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/portus-pisanus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Portus Pisanus</a></li> 226 <li id="menu-item-6756" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6756"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/puteoli/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Puteoli & Nesis</a></li> 227 <li id="menu-item-22390" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22390"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ras-angela-beach-harbour/" title="Ras Angela “beach-harbour”" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ras Angela</a></li> 228 <li id="menu-item-5555" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5555"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/sharm-yanbu/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sharm Yanbu</a></li> 229 <li id="menu-item-6509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6509"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/thapsus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Thapsus</a></li> 230 <li id="menu-item-19697" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19697"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/the-tigris-euphrates-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tigris-Euphrates Delta</a></li> 231 <li id="menu-item-17411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17411"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ancient-port-of-tyre/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tyre</a></li> 232 <li id="menu-item-21980" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21980"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/wadi-al-jarf/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> 233 <li id="menu-item-4791" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4791"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/potential-ancient-harbours/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Potential Ancient Harbours</a></li> 234</ul> 235</li> 236<li id="menu-item-396" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-396"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
236Ancient Structures</a><span class="icon"></span> 237<ul class="sub-menu"> 238 <li id="menu-item-17849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17849"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/brief-historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></li> 239 <li id="menu-item-11963" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11963"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-texts/" title="Ancient texts on maritime structures" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient texts</a></li> 240 <li id="menu-item-11968" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11968"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-greek-terms/" title="Some definitions of ancient Greek terms" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Greek terms</a></li> 241 <li id="menu-item-10622" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10622"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/beaching-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Beaching or berthing ships?</a></li> 242 <li id="menu-item-371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-371"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/vitruvius/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Vitruvius</a></li> 243 <li id="menu-item-4786" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4786"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/remains-of-ancient-breakwaters/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Rubble mound breakwaters</a></li> 244 <li id="menu-item-4793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4793"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/failure-of-rubble-mound-breakwaters-in-the-long-term/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Breakwater failure</a></li> 245 <li id="menu-item-14127" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14127"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/subsidence/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Subsidence</a></li> 246 <li id="menu-item-4783" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4783"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/design-waves/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Design waves</a></li> 247 <li id="menu-item-370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-370"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/reinforced-concrete/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Reinforced concrete?!</a></li> 248 <li id="menu-item-6720" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6720"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pilae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pilae & arched breakwaters</a></li> 249 <li id="menu-item-16874" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16874"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/lighthouses/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lighthouses & beacons</a></li> 250 <li id="menu-item-368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-368"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pierced-stones/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pierced stones</a></li> 251 <li id="menu-item-10703" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10703"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/defensive-chains/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Defensive harbour chains</a></li> 252 <li id="menu-item-369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-369"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/silting-up/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Silting-up of harbours</a></li> 253 <li id="menu-item-10276" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10276"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/tombolos-salients/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tombolos & Salients</a></li> 254</ul> 255</li> 256<li id="menu-item-400" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-400"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
256Ancient Ships</a><span class="icon"></span> 257<ul class="sub-menu"> 258 <li id="menu-item-9276" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9276"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></li> 259 <li id="menu-item-78" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-78"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/ancient-galleys/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Galleys</a></li> 260 <li id="menu-item-262" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-262"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/merchant-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Merchant Ships</a></li> 261 <li id="menu-item-9806" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9806"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/who-is-the-gubernator/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Gubernator?</a></li> 262</ul> 263</li> 264<li id="menu-item-9831" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9831"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Sailing</a><span class="icon"></span> 265<ul class="sub-menu"> 266 <li id="menu-item-18223" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18223"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/how-about-the-wind/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">how about the wind?</a></li> 267 <li id="menu-item-18222" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18222"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/ancient-sailing-how-about-the-sailing-rigs/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">how about the sailing rigs?</a></li> 268 <li id="menu-item-18221" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18221"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/ancient-sailing-on-the-mediterranean-sea/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sailing on the Med</a></li> 269 <li id="menu-item-18220" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18220"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/modelling-mediterranean-ancient-sailing-routes/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Modelling sailing routes</a></li> 270 <li id="menu-item-18219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18219"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/red-sea-versus-nile-ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Red Sea versus Nile</a></li> 271</ul> 272</li> 273<li id="menu-item-9808" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9808"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Maritime Trade</a><span class="icon"></span> 274<ul class="sub-menu"> 275 <li id="menu-item-18286" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18286"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-containers/" title="Ancient containers" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Containers</a></li> 276 <li id="menu-item-18285" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18285"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-trade-hubs/" title="Ancient trade hubs" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Trade hubs</a></li> 277 <li id="menu-item-18284" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18284"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-imported-goods/" title="Ancient imported goods" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Imported goods</a></li> 278</ul> 279</li> 280<li id="menu-item-76" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-76"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
280Ancient Maps</a><span class="icon"></span> 281<ul class="sub-menu"> 282 <li id="menu-item-18257" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18257"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/from-t-o-maps-to-google-earth/" title="From T-O maps to Google Earth" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">World maps</a></li> 283 <li id="menu-item-18258" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18258"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/regional-maps/" title="Ancient local maps & City maps" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Regional maps</a></li> 284 <li id="menu-item-18256" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18256"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/claudius-ptolemys-geography/" title="Claudius Ptolemyâs Geography" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Claudius Ptolemy</a></li> 285</ul> 286</li> 287<li id="menu-item-398" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-398"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Measures</a><span class="icon"></span> 288<ul class="sub-menu"> 289 <li id="menu-item-9220" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9220"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/units-of-measure/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Units of measurement</a></li> 290 <li id="menu-item-430" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-430"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/latitude/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Measuring latitudes</a></li> 291 <li id="menu-item-17171" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17171"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/c-14-radiocarbon-dating/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Carbon-14 dating</a></li> 292</ul> 293</li> 294<li id="menu-item-8531" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-8531"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Climate</a><span class="icon"></span> 295<ul class="sub-menu"> 296 <li id="menu-item-8082" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8082"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/temperature/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Temperature</a></li> 297 <li id="menu-item-5355" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5355"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/sea-level-rise/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sea Level Change</a></li> 298 <li id="menu-item-8146" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8146"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/waves/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Wind & waves</a></li> 299 <li id="menu-item-8602" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8602"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/tsunamis/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tsunamis</a></li> 300</ul> 301</li> 302<li id="menu-item-198" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-198"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/biblio/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Literature</a><span class="icon"></span> 303<ul class="sub-menu"> 304 <li id="menu-item-4782" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4782"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/biblio/modern-authors/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Modern Authors</a></li>
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class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-161"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/north-africa/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">North Africa</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 414</ul> 415</li> 416<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-395"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">A few Ancient Ports</a>
416<button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-395 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 417<ul class="sub-menu"> 418 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8746"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/actium/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Actium</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 419 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-90"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/alexandria/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Alexandria Magnus Portus</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 420 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5945"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/alexandria-pharos-island/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Alexandria Pharos island</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 421 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4785"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/apollonia/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Apollonia</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 422 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9770"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/the-bosphorus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Bosphorus</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 423 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14021"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/caesarea-maritima/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Caesarea Maritima</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 424 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13342"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/carthage/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Carthage</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 425 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15695"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/centumcellae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Centumcellae</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 426 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8421"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/delos/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Delos</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 427 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4790"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/el-hanieh-ancient-anchorage/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">El Hanieh</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 428 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-88"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/leptis-magna/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Leptis Magna</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 429 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4784"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/marius-canal-fossae-marianae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Mariusâ Canal</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 430 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4788"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/narbonne/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Narbonne</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 431 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12439"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/nile-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Nile Delta</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 432 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7132"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/nirou-khani/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Nirou Khani</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 433 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-89"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/portus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Portus Augusti</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 434 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7938"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/portus-pisanus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Portus Pisanus</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 435 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6756"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/puteoli/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Puteoli & Nesis</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 436 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22390"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ras-angela-beach-harbour/" title="Ras Angela “beach-harbour”" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ras Angela</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 437 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5555"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/sharm-yanbu/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sharm Yanbu</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 438 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6509"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/thapsus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Thapsus</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 439 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19697"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/the-tigris-euphrates-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tigris-Euphrates Delta</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 440 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17411"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ancient-port-of-tyre/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tyre</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 441 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21980"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/wadi-al-jarf/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Wadi al-Jarf</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 442 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4791"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/potential-ancient-harbours/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Potential Ancient Harbours</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 443</ul> 444</li> 445<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-396"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
445Ancient Structures</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-396 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 446<ul class="sub-menu"> 447 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17849"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/brief-historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 448 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11963"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-texts/" title="Ancient texts on maritime structures" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient texts</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 449 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11968"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-greek-terms/" title="Some definitions of ancient Greek terms" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Greek terms</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 450 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10622"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/beaching-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Beaching or berthing ships?</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 451 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-371"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/vitruvius/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Vitruvius</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 452 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4786"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/remains-of-ancient-breakwaters/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Rubble mound breakwaters</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 453 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4793"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/failure-of-rubble-mound-breakwaters-in-the-long-term/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Breakwater failure</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 454 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14127"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/subsidence/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Subsidence</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 455 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4783"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/design-waves/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Design waves</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 456 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-370"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/reinforced-concrete/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Reinforced concrete?!</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 457 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6720"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pilae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pilae & arched breakwaters</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 458 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16874"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/lighthouses/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lighthouses & beacons</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 459 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-368"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pierced-stones/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pierced stones</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 460 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10703"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/defensive-chains/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Defensive harbour chains</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 461 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-369"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/silting-up/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Silting-up of harbours</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 462 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10276"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/tombolos-salients/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tombolos & Salients</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 463</ul> 464</li> 465<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-400"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
465Ancient Ships</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-400 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 466<ul class="sub-menu"> 467 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9276"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 468 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-78"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/ancient-galleys/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Galleys</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 469 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-262"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/merchant-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Merchant Ships</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 470 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9806"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/who-is-the-gubernator/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Gubernator?</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 471</ul> 472</li> 473<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9831"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Sailing</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-9831 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 474<ul class="sub-menu"> 475 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18223"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/how-about-the-wind/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">how about the wind?</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 476 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18222"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/ancient-sailing-how-about-the-sailing-rigs/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">how about the sailing rigs?</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 477 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18221"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/ancient-sailing-on-the-mediterranean-sea/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sailing on the Med</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 478 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18220"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/modelling-mediterranean-ancient-sailing-routes/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Modelling sailing routes</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 479 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18219"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/red-sea-versus-nile-ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Red Sea versus Nile</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 480</ul> 481</li> 482<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9808"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
482Ancient Maritime Trade</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-9808 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 483<ul class="sub-menu"> 484 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18286"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-containers/" title="Ancient containers" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Containers</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 485 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18285"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-trade-hubs/" title="Ancient trade hubs" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Trade hubs</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 486 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18284"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-imported-goods/" title="Ancient imported goods" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Imported goods</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 487</ul> 488</li> 489<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-76"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Maps</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-76 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 490<ul class="sub-menu"> 491 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18257"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/from-t-o-maps-to-google-earth/" title="From T-O maps to Google Earth" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">World maps</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 492 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18258"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/regional-maps/" title="Ancient local maps & City maps" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Regional maps</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 493 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18256"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/claudius-ptolemys-geography/" title="Claudius Ptolemyâs Geography" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Claudius Ptolemy</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 494</ul> 495</li> 496<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-398"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
496Ancient Measures</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-398 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 497<ul class="sub-menu"> 498 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9220"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/units-of-measure/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Units of measurement</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 499 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-430"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/latitude/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Measuring latitudes</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 500 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17171"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/c-14-radiocarbon-dating/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Carbon-14 dating</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 501</ul> 502</li> 503<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-8531"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Climate</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-8531 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 504<ul class="sub-menu"> 505 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8082"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/temperature/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Temperature</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 506 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5355"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/sea-level-rise/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sea Level Change</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 507 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8146"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/waves/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Wind & waves</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 508 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8602"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/tsunamis/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tsunamis</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 509</ul> 510</li> 511<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-198"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/biblio/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Literature</a>
511<button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-198 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 512<ul class="sub-menu"> 513 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4782"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/biblio/modern-authors/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Modern Authors</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 514 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-399"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/biblio/ancient-authors/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Authors</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 515</ul> 516</li> 517<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-74"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/docs-pdf/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Downloads</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 518<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4789"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/links/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Links</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 519<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-72"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Contact</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-72 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 520<ul class="sub-menu"> 521 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-407"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/contributors-to-this-catalogue/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Contributors</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 522 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-4787"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/author/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Author’s CV</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-4787 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --> 523 <ul class="sub-menu"> 524 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4792"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/author/maritime-hydraulics/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Maritime Hydraulics</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 525 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21701"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/author/lhotel-teisseire/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">lâHôtel Teisseire</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 526 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4781"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/author/caricarthur/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">CaricâArthur</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li> 527 </ul> 528</li> 529</ul> 530</li> 531 532 </ul> 533 534 </nav> 535 536 537 </div><!-- .menu-top --> 538 539 <div class="menu-bottom"> 540 541 542 </div><!-- .menu-bottom --> 543 544 </div><!-- .menu-wrapper --> 545 546 </div><!-- .menu-modal-inner --> 547 548</div><!-- .menu-modal --> 549 550<main id="site-content"> 551 552 553<article class="post-183 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry" id="post-183"> 554 555 556<header class="entry-header has-text-align-center header-footer-group"> 557 558 <div class="entry-header-inner section-inner medium"> 559 560 <h1 class="entry-title">Ancient Coastal Settlements, Ports and Harbours</h1> 561 </div><!-- .entry-header-inner --> 562 563</header><!-- .entry-header --> 564 565 <figure class="featured-media"> 566 567 <div class="featured-media-inner section-inner"> 568 569 <img width="940" height="198" src="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Banniere4.png" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Banniere4.png 940w, https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Banniere4-300x63.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 940px) 100v
569w, 940px" /> 570 </div><!-- .featured-media-inner --> 571 572 </figure><!-- .featured-media --> 573 574 575 <div class="post-inner thin "> 576 577 <div class="entry-content"> 578 579 580<p class="has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph"><em> </em></p> 581 582 583 584<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This project was started in 2010, aiming at collecting, identifying and locating ancient ports and harbours. It led to an extensive Catalogue including thousands of places. Much attention was also devoted from the onset to structural aspects as described by Vitruvius, and as resulting from modern coastal engineering such as design waves and harbour silting-up. Additional attention was devoted to some ancient ports, to ancient ships and sailing, ancient maps, ancient measures, and ancient climate, as they define the harbour needs.</p> 585 586 587 588<p class="has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph">This work is reported in<strong> 5 volumes</strong>, all available in <strong><a title="Docs pdf" href="/?page_id=66" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">pdf versions</a></strong>, and most of it is reproduced on this web site:</p> 589 590 591 592<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Volume I: Catalogue of Ancient Ports </strong>gives a <a title="THE Catalogue" href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/?page_id=373" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">list</a> of ancient coastal settlements, ports and harbours with latitudes/longitudes, based on the works of ancient and modern <a title="Ancient & modern authors" href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/biblio/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">authors</a>.</p> 593 594 595 596<p class="has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph">You can download the latest updated database as an <a title="Complete data base for all ancient ports" href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/GE/AncientPorts.xlsx" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer" data-wpel-link="internal">xls table</a> and <a title="kml files for location of ancient ports" href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/GE/" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer" data-wpel-link="internal">kml files</a>.</p> 597 598 599 600<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Volume II: Citations of Ancient Authors</strong> gives citations of known ancient authors explicitly mentioning ports and harbours, in French. This work is not available on the web site as it would take too much space.</p> 601 602 603 604<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Volume III: Ancient Port</strong> <strong>Structures </strong>presents:</p> 605 606 607 608<ul class="wp-block-list"> 609<li>Some thoughts on the design of several <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="a few ancient ports" data-wpel-link="internal">ancient ports</a> (Actium, Alexandria, Apollonia, the Bosphorus, Caesarea Maritima, Carthage, Centumcellae, Delos, El Hanieh, Leptis Magna, Mariusâ canal, Narbonne, the Nile delta, Nirou Khani, Portus, Pisa, Puteoli & Nesis, Charmuthas, Thapsus, the Tigris-Euphrates delta, Tyre);</li> 610 611 612 613<li>A list of over 150 proposed locations for <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/potential-ancient-harbours/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="Potential Ancient Harbours" data-wpel-link="internal">potential ancient harbours</a>;</li> 614 615 616 617<li>Some comments on <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/?page_id=384" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="Ancient Port Structures" data-wpel-link="internal">ancient port structures</a>, like Vitruviusâ methods, failure of breakwaters, subsidence and breakwater remains, design waves, reinforced concrete, pilae and arched breakwaters, pierced stones, defensive harbour chains, harbour silting-up, tombolos and salients;</li> 618 619 620 621<li>Some notes on ancient merchant <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/?page_id=375" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="Ancient Galleys and Merchant ships" data-wpel-link="internal">ships</a> and galleys, <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="ancient sailing" data-wpel-link="internal">sailing</a> techniques and Mediterranean sailing routes;</li> 622 623 624 625<li>Some thoughts about ancient <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">maritime trade</a> networks and intermodal hubs;</li> 626 627 628 629<li>Some remarks on <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="Measuring latitude with the Sun and with Polaris" data-wpel-link="internal">ancient maps</a>, on <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="Ancient Measures" data-wpel-link="internal">ancient measures</a> and <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">ancient climate</a>, including <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/tsunamis/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">earthquakes and tsunamis</a>.</li> 630</ul> 631 632 633 634<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Volume IV:</strong> <strong>Stories of Ancient Sailors</strong> provides around twenty stories of ancient sailors ⦠just for the pleasure of reading, in French.</p> 635 636 637 638<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Volume V:</strong> <strong>Bibliography</strong> provides thousands of references on ancient ports and harbours.</p> 639 640 641 642<p class="has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph">Should the knowledge gathered in this work be given a name, it might be called “<strong>palaeoportology</strong>” …</p> 643 644 645 646<p class="has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph"><em>You will have to excuse my limited knowledge<br>of the English language.</em></p> 647 648 649 650<p class="has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph"><a id="academia-button" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArthurdeGraauw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow external" data-wpel-link="external">Follow me on Academia.edu</a><br>
650<script src="//a.academia-assets.com/javascripts/social.js"></script>
650</p> 651 652 653<div class="wp-block-image"> 654<figure class="aligncenter"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arthur_De_Graauw/publications" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow external" data-wpel-link="external"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ResearchGateLogo25.png" alt=""/></a></figure> 655</div> 656 657 658<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p> 659 660 661 662<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> 663 664 665 666<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>A few words on “methodology”</strong></p> 667 668 669 670<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The aim of this project is not only to compile a Catalogue of âallâ coastal settlements, ports and harbours, but also to describe a few ancient ports and to better understand how the ancients have been building and using them.</p> 671 672 673 674<p class="wp-block-paragraph">My approach is âmultidisciplinaryâ, in the sense that my background being that of a modern coastal engineer, I introduce my own experience into the world of historians, ar
674chaeologists, geoarchaeologists, etc. and I believe a different point of view is always useful. However, some dangers exist, as an outsider can easily forget or underestimate some aspects that are obvious to other disciplines, especially when he works in a somewhat lonely way: multidisciplinarity is more powerful in a âbrainstormingâ approach, when the different disciplines can discuss directly, but that is not always feasible.</p> 675 676 677 678<p class="wp-block-paragraph">My methodology was rather simple: read, read and read. I have of course visited a number of ancient places, and that is how it all began many years ago in Alexandria. I have been talking to archaeologists. I have been sailing to a few places. I have even been diving on some. But I gained most of my knowledge on ancient ports from books, and without any help of âAIâ.</p> 679 680 681 682<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Do not, therefore, expect the traditional âintroduction-methodology-results-discussion-conclusionâ presentation.</p> 683 684 685 686<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I felt a strong motivation to explain what I had discovered, not to a few professionals who know all of that, but to other people like me who would appreciate a synthetic explanation. With that aim in mind, I started my own web site in 2011.</p> 687 688 689 690<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Perhaps, a few new points of view popped up during these wanderings, and I hope they will be useful.</p> 691 692 693 694<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The present ninth edition of this work (February 6<sup>th</sup>, 2024), comes after an eighth edition (February 8<sup>th</sup>, 2022), a seventh edition (March, 5<sup>th</sup>, 2020), a sixth edition (June 21<sup>st</sup>, 2017), a fifth edition (March 8<sup>th</sup>, 2016), a fourth edition (January 1<sup>st</sup>, 2014), a third edition (February 26<sup>th</sup>, 2013), a second edition (March 29<sup>th</sup>, 2012) and a first edition (September 19<sup>th</sup>, 2011).</p> 695 696 697 698<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Note on downloads:</strong> Many documents can be downloaded via the links provided in the <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/GE/AncientPorts.xlsx" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer" data-wpel-link="internal">xls table</a>. However, as this work is continuously updated, some links may change in time. Should you encounter a message like “Page Not Found”, please try again with the latest updated database.</p> 699 700 701 702<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Do not hesitate to contact me via the <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/" title="Contact" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">contact form</a> if you have any further questions.</p> 703 704 </div><!-- .entry-content --> 705 706 </div><!-- .post-inner --> 707 708 <div class="section-inner"> 709 710 </div><!-- .section-inner --> 711 712 713</article><!-- .post --> 714 715</main><!-- #site-content --> 716 717 718 <div class="footer-nav-widgets-wrapper header-footer-group"> 719 720 <div class="footer-inner section-inner"> 721 722 723 724 <aside class="footer-widgets-outer-wrapper"> 725 726 <div class="footer-widgets-wrapper"> 727 728 729 <div class="footer-widgets column-one grid-item"> 730 <div class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="widget-content"><h2 class="widget-title 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href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/caesarea-maritima/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> 760 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13342"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/carthage/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Carthage</a></li> 761 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15695"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/centumcellae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Centumcellae</a></li> 762 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8421"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/delos/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Delos</a></li> 763 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4790"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/el-hanieh-ancient-anchorage/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">El Hanieh</a></li> 764 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-88"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/leptis-magna/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Leptis Magna</a></li> 765 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4784"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/marius-canal-fossae-marianae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Mariusâ Canal</a></li> 766 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4788"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/narbonne/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener 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href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/thapsus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Thapsus</a></li> 775 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19697"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/the-tigris-euphrates-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tigris-Euphrates Delta</a></li> 776 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17411"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ancient-port-of-tyre/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tyre</a></li> 777 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21980"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/wadi-al-jarf/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> 778 <li class="menu-item 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781Ancient Structures</a> 782<ul class="sub-menu"> 783 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17849"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/brief-historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></li> 784 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11963"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-texts/" title="Ancient texts on maritime structures" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient texts</a></li> 785 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11968"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-greek-terms/" title="Some definitions of ancient Greek terms" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Greek terms</a></li> 786 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10622"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/beaching-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Beaching or berthing ships?</a></li> 787 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-371"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/vitruvius/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Vitruvius</a></li> 788 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4786"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/remains-of-ancient-breakwaters/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Rubble mound breakwaters</a></li> 789 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4793"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/failure-of-rubble-mound-breakwaters-in-the-long-term/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Breakwater failure</a></li> 790 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14127"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/subsidence/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Subsidence</a></li> 791 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4783"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/design-waves/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Design waves</a></li> 792 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-370"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/reinforced-concrete/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Reinforced concrete?!</a></li> 793 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6720"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pilae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pilae & arched breakwaters</a></li> 794 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16874"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/lighthouses/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lighthouses & beacons</a></li> 795 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-368"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pierced-stones/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pierced stones</a></li> 796 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10703"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/defensive-chains/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Defensive harbour chains</a></li> 797 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-369"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/silting-up/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Silting-up of harbours</a></li> 798 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10276"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/tombolos-salients/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tombolos & Salients</a></li> 799</ul> 800</li> 801<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-400"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
801Ancient Ships</a> 802<ul class="sub-menu"> 803 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9276"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></li> 804 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-78"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/ancient-galleys/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Galleys</a></li> 805 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-262"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/merchant-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Merchant Ships</a></li> 806 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9806"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/who-is-the-gubernator/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Gubernator?</a></li> 807</ul> 808</li> 809<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9831"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Sailing</a> 810<ul class="sub-menu"> 811 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18223"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/how-about-the-wind/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">how about the wind?</a></li> 812 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18222"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/ancient-sailing-how-about-the-sailing-rigs/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">how about the sailing rigs?</a></li> 813 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18221"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/ancient-sailing-on-the-mediterranean-sea/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sailing on the Med</a></li> 814 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18220"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/modelling-mediterranean-ancient-sailing-routes/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Modelling sailing routes</a></li> 815 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18219"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/red-sea-versus-nile-ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Red Sea versus Nile</a></li> 816</ul> 817</li> 818<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9808"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Maritime Trade</a> 819<ul class="sub-menu"> 820 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18286"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-containers/" title="Ancient containers" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Containers</a></li> 821 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18285"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-trade-hubs/" title="Ancient trade hubs" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Trade hubs</a></li> 822 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18284"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-imported-goods/" title="Ancient imported goods" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Imported goods</a></li> 823</ul> 824</li> 825<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-76"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
825Ancient Maps</a> 826<ul class="sub-menu"> 827 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18257"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/from-t-o-maps-to-google-earth/" title="From T-O maps to Google Earth" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">World maps</a></li> 828 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18258"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/regional-maps/" title="Ancient local maps & City maps" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Regional maps</a></li> 829 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18256"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/claudius-ptolemys-geography/" title="Claudius Ptolemyâs Geography" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Claudius Ptolemy</a></li> 830</ul> 831</li> 832<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-398"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Measures</a> 833<ul class="sub-menu"> 834 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9220"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/units-of-measure/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Units of measurement</a></li> 835 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-430"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/latitude/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Measuring latitudes</a></li> 836 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17171"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/c-14-radiocarbon-dating/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Carbon-14 dating</a></li> 837</ul> 838</li> 839<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-8531"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Climate</a> 840<ul class="sub-menu"> 841 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8082"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/temperature/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Temperature</a></li> 842 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5355"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/sea-level-rise/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sea Level Change</a></li> 843 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8146"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/waves/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Wind & waves</a></li> 844 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8602"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/tsunamis/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tsunamis</a></li> 845</ul> 846</li> 847<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-198"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/biblio/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Literature</a> 848<ul class="sub-menu"> 849 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4782"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/biblio/modern-authors/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Modern Authors</a></li> 850 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-399"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/biblio/ancient-authors/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
850Ancient Authors</a></li> 851</ul> 852</li> 853<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-74"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/docs-pdf/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Downloads</a></li> 854<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4789"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/links/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Links</a></li> 855<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-72"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Contact</a> 856<ul class="sub-menu"> 857 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-407"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/contributors-to-this-catalogue/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Contributors</a></li> 858 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-4787"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/author/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Author’s CV</a> 859 <ul class="sub-menu"> 860 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4792"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/author/maritime-hydraulics/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Maritime Hydraulics</a></li> 861 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21701"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/author/lhotel-teisseire/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">lâHôtel Teisseire</a></li> 862 <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4781"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/author/caricarthur/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">CaricâArthur</a></li> 863 </ul> 864</li> 865</ul> 866</li> 867</ul></nav></div></div> </div> 868 869 870 871 <div class="footer-widgets column-two grid-item"> 872 <div class="widget widget_search"><div class="widget-content"><h2 class="widget-title subheading heading-size-3">Search this site</h2><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/"> 873 <label for="search-form-2"> 874 <span class="screen-reader-text"> 875 Search for: </span> 876 <input type="search" id="search-form-2" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> 877 </label> 878 <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> 879</form> 880</div></div><div class="widget widget_block"><div class="widget-content"> 881<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Copyright</h2> 882</div></div><div class="widget widget_block widget_media_image"><div class="widget-content"> 883<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CC-BY_icon.png" target="_self" data-wpel-link="internal" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="88" height="31" src="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CC-BY_icon.png" alt="" class="wp-image-13649"/></a></figure> 884</div></div><div class="widget widget_block widget_text"><div class="widget-content"> 885<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Licence CC-BY Arthur de Graauw.</p> 886</div></div><div class="widget widget_block widget_text"><div class="widget-content"> 887<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow external" data-wpel-link="external">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> 888</div></div><div class="widget widget_block widget_text"><div class="widget-content"> 889<p class="wp-block-paragraph">You must give the original author credit with a link to his work. The licensor permits you to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work. You may adapt the work, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.</p> 890</div></div><div class="widget widget_block widget_text"><div class="widget-content"> 891<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p> 892</div></div> </div> 893 894 895 </div><!-- .footer-widgets-wrapper --> 896 897 </aside><!-- .footer-widgets-outer-wrapper --> 898 899 900 </div><!-- .footer-inner --> 901 902 </div><!-- .footer-nav-widgets-wrapper --> 903 904 905 <footer id="site-footer" class="header-footer-group"> 906 907 <div class="section-inner"> 908 909 <div class="footer-credits"> 910 911 <p class="footer-copyright">© 912 2026 <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
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