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165						<div class="site-title faux-heading"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/" aria-current="page" rel="home nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self">Ancient Ports - Ports Antiques</a></div><div class="site-description">THE catalogue of Ancient Ports</div><!-- .site-description -->
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192	<li id="menu-item-170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-170"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/sicily-malta-lampedusa/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sicily-Malta-Lampedusa</a></li>
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196	<li id="menu-item-167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-167"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/greece-islands/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Greek islands</a></li>
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198	<li id="menu-item-166" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-166"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/crete-cyprus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Crete &#038; Cyprus</a></li>
199	<li id="menu-item-164" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-164"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/turkey/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Turkey</a></li>
200	<li id="menu-item-163" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-163"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/levant/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Levant</a></li>
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203	<li id="menu-item-404" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-404"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/egypt-libya/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Egypt &#038; Libya</a></li>
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205</ul>
206</li>
207<li id="menu-item-395" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-395"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">A few Ancient Ports</a><span class="icon"></span>
208<ul class="sub-menu">
209	<li id="menu-item-8746" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8746"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/actium/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Actium</a></li>
210	<li id="menu-item-90" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-90"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/alexandria/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Alexandria Magnus Portus</a></li>
211	<li id="menu-item-5945" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5945"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/alexandria-pharos-island/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Alexandria Pharos island</a></li>
212	<li id="menu-item-4785" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4785"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/apollonia/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Apollonia</a></li>
213	<li id="menu-item-9770" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9770"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/the-bosphorus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Bosphorus</a></li>
214	<li id="menu-item-14021" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14021"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/caesarea-maritima/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Caesarea Maritima</a></li>
215	<li id="menu-item-13342" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13342"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/carthage/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Carthage</a></li>
216	<li id="menu-item-15695" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15695"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/centumcellae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Centumcellae</a></li>
217	<li id="menu-item-8421" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8421"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/delos/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Delos</a></li>
218	<li id="menu-item-4790" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4790"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/el-hanieh-ancient-anchorage/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">El Hanieh</a></li>
219	<li id="menu-item-88" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-88"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/leptis-magna/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Leptis Magna</a></li>
220	<li id="menu-item-4784" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4784"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/marius-canal-fossae-marianae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Marius’ Canal</a></li>
221	<li id="menu-item-4788" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4788"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/narbonne/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Narbonne</a></li>
222	<li id="menu-item-12439" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12439"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/nile-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Nile Delta</a></li>
223	<li id="menu-item-7132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7132"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/nirou-khani/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Nirou Khani</a></li>
224	<li id="menu-item-89" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-89"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/portus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Portus Augusti</a></li>
225	<li id="menu-item-7938" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7938"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/portus-pisanus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Portus Pisanus</a></li>
226	<li id="menu-item-6756" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6756"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/puteoli/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Puteoli &#038; Nesis</a></li>
227	<li id="menu-item-22390" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22390"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ras-angela-beach-harbour/" title="Ras Angela &#8220;beach-harbour&#8221;" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ras Angela</a></li>
228	<li id="menu-item-5555" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5555"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/sharm-yanbu/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sharm Yanbu</a></li>
229	<li id="menu-item-6509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6509"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/thapsus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Thapsus</a></li>
230	<li id="menu-item-19697" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19697"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/the-tigris-euphrates-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tigris-Euphrates Delta</a></li>
231	<li id="menu-item-17411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17411"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ancient-port-of-tyre/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tyre</a></li>
232	<li id="menu-item-21980" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21980"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/wadi-al-jarf/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li>
233	<li id="menu-item-4791" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4791"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/potential-ancient-harbours/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Potential Ancient Harbours</a></li>
234</ul>
235</li>
236<li id="menu-item-396" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-396"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
236Ancient Structures</a><span class="icon"></span>
237<ul class="sub-menu">
238	<li id="menu-item-17849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17849"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/brief-historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></li>
239	<li id="menu-item-11963" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11963"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-texts/" title="Ancient texts on maritime structures" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient texts</a></li>
240	<li id="menu-item-11968" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11968"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-greek-terms/" title="Some definitions of ancient Greek terms" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Greek terms</a></li>
241	<li id="menu-item-10622" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10622"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/beaching-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Beaching or berthing ships?</a></li>
242	<li id="menu-item-371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-371"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/vitruvius/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Vitruvius</a></li>
243	<li id="menu-item-4786" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4786"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/remains-of-ancient-breakwaters/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Rubble mound breakwaters</a></li>
244	<li id="menu-item-4793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4793"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/failure-of-rubble-mound-breakwaters-in-the-long-term/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Breakwater failure</a></li>
245	<li id="menu-item-14127" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14127"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/subsidence/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Subsidence</a></li>
246	<li id="menu-item-4783" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4783"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/design-waves/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Design waves</a></li>
247	<li id="menu-item-370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-370"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/reinforced-concrete/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Reinforced concrete?!</a></li>
248	<li id="menu-item-6720" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6720"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pilae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pilae &#038; arched breakwaters</a></li>
249	<li id="menu-item-16874" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16874"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/lighthouses/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lighthouses &#038; beacons</a></li>
250	<li id="menu-item-368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-368"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pierced-stones/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pierced stones</a></li>
251	<li id="menu-item-10703" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10703"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/defensive-chains/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Defensive harbour chains</a></li>
252	<li id="menu-item-369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-369"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/silting-up/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Silting-up of harbours</a></li>
253	<li id="menu-item-10276" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10276"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/tombolos-salients/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tombolos &#038; Salients</a></li>
254</ul>
255</li>
256<li id="menu-item-400" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-400"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
256Ancient Ships</a><span class="icon"></span>
257<ul class="sub-menu">
258	<li id="menu-item-9276" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9276"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></li>
259	<li id="menu-item-78" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-78"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/ancient-galleys/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Galleys</a></li>
260	<li id="menu-item-262" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-262"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/merchant-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Merchant Ships</a></li>
261	<li id="menu-item-9806" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9806"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/who-is-the-gubernator/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Gubernator?</a></li>
262</ul>
263</li>
264<li id="menu-item-9831" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9831"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Sailing</a><span class="icon"></span>
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416<button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-395 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper -->
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418	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8746"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/actium/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Actium</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
419	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-90"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/alexandria/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Alexandria Magnus Portus</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
420	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5945"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/alexandria-pharos-island/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Alexandria Pharos island</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
421	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4785"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/apollonia/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Apollonia</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
422	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9770"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/the-bosphorus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Bosphorus</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
423	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14021"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/caesarea-maritima/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Caesarea Maritima</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
424	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13342"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/carthage/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Carthage</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
425	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15695"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/centumcellae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Centumcellae</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
426	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8421"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/delos/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Delos</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
427	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4790"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/el-hanieh-ancient-anchorage/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">El Hanieh</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
428	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-88"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/leptis-magna/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Leptis Magna</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
429	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4784"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/marius-canal-fossae-marianae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Marius’ Canal</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
430	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4788"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/narbonne/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Narbonne</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
431	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12439"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/nile-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Nile Delta</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
432	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7132"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/nirou-khani/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Nirou Khani</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
433	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-89"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/portus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Portus Augusti</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
434	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7938"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/portus-pisanus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Portus Pisanus</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
435	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6756"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/puteoli/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Puteoli &#038; Nesis</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
436	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22390"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ras-angela-beach-harbour/" title="Ras Angela &#8220;beach-harbour&#8221;" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ras Angela</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
437	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5555"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/sharm-yanbu/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sharm Yanbu</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
438	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6509"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/thapsus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Thapsus</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
439	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19697"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/the-tigris-euphrates-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tigris-Euphrates Delta</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
440	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17411"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ancient-port-of-tyre/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tyre</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
441	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21980"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/wadi-al-jarf/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Wadi al-Jarf</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
442	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4791"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/potential-ancient-harbours/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Potential Ancient Harbours</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
443</ul>
444</li>
445<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-396"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
445Ancient Structures</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-396 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper -->
446<ul class="sub-menu">
447	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17849"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/brief-historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
448	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11963"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-texts/" title="Ancient texts on maritime structures" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient texts</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
449	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11968"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-greek-terms/" title="Some definitions of ancient Greek terms" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Greek terms</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
450	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10622"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/beaching-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Beaching or berthing ships?</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
451	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-371"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/vitruvius/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Vitruvius</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
452	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4786"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/remains-of-ancient-breakwaters/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Rubble mound breakwaters</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
453	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4793"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/failure-of-rubble-mound-breakwaters-in-the-long-term/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Breakwater failure</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
454	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14127"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/subsidence/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Subsidence</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
455	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4783"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/design-waves/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Design waves</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
456	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-370"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/reinforced-concrete/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Reinforced concrete?!</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
457	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6720"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pilae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pilae &#038; arched breakwaters</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
458	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16874"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/lighthouses/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lighthouses &#038; beacons</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
459	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-368"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pierced-stones/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pierced stones</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
460	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10703"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/defensive-chains/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Defensive harbour chains</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
461	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-369"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/silting-up/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Silting-up of harbours</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
462	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10276"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/tombolos-salients/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tombolos &#038; Salients</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
463</ul>
464</li>
465<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-400"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
465Ancient Ships</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-400 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper -->
466<ul class="sub-menu">
467	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9276"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
468	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-78"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/ancient-galleys/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Galleys</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
469	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-262"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/merchant-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Merchant Ships</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
470	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9806"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/who-is-the-gubernator/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Gubernator?</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
471</ul>
472</li>
473<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9831"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Sailing</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-9831 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper -->
474<ul class="sub-menu">
475	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18223"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/how-about-the-wind/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">how about the wind?</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
476	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18222"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/ancient-sailing-how-about-the-sailing-rigs/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">how about the sailing rigs?</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
477	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18221"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/ancient-sailing-on-the-mediterranean-sea/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sailing on the Med</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
478	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18220"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/modelling-mediterranean-ancient-sailing-routes/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Modelling sailing routes</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
479	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18219"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/red-sea-versus-nile-ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Red Sea versus Nile</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
480</ul>
481</li>
482<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9808"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
482Ancient Maritime Trade</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-9808 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper -->
483<ul class="sub-menu">
484	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18286"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-containers/" title="Ancient containers" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Containers</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
485	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18285"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-trade-hubs/" title="Ancient trade hubs" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Trade hubs</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
486	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18284"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-imported-goods/" title="Ancient imported goods" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Imported goods</a></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper --></li>
487</ul>
488</li>
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496Ancient Measures</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-398 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewbox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div><!-- .ancestor-wrapper -->
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501</ul>
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554
555	
556<header class="entry-header has-text-align-center header-footer-group">
557
558	<div class="entry-header-inner section-inner medium">
559
560		<h1 class="entry-title">Ancient Coastal Settlements, Ports and Harbours</h1>
561	</div><!-- .entry-header-inner -->
562
563</header><!-- .entry-header -->
564
565	<figure class="featured-media">
566
567		<div class="featured-media-inner section-inner">
568
569			<img width="940" height="198" src="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Banniere4.png" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Banniere4.png 940w, https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Banniere4-300x63.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 940px) 100v
569w, 940px" />
570		</div><!-- .featured-media-inner -->
571
572	</figure><!-- .featured-media -->
573
574	
575	<div class="post-inner thin ">
576
577		<div class="entry-content">
578
579			
580<p class="has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph"><em>&nbsp;</em></p>
581
582
583
584<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This project was started in 2010, aiming at collecting, identifying and locating ancient ports and harbours. It led to an extensive Catalogue including thousands of places. Much attention was also devoted from the onset to structural aspects as described by Vitruvius, and as resulting from modern coastal engineering such as design waves and harbour silting-up. Additional attention was devoted to some ancient ports, to ancient ships and sailing, ancient maps, ancient measures, and ancient climate, as they define the harbour needs.</p>
585
586
587
588<p class="has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph">This work is reported in<strong> 5 volumes</strong>, all available in <strong><a title="Docs pdf" href="/?page_id=66" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">pdf versions</a></strong>, and most of it is reproduced on this web site:</p>
589
590
591
592<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Volume I: Catalogue of Ancient Ports </strong>gives a <a title="THE Catalogue" href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/?page_id=373" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">list</a> of ancient coastal settlements, ports and harbours with latitudes/longitudes, based on the works of ancient and modern <a title="Ancient &amp; modern authors" href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/biblio/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">authors</a>.</p>
593
594
595
596<p class="has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph">You can download the latest updated database as an&nbsp;<a title="Complete data base for all ancient ports" href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/GE/AncientPorts.xlsx" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer" data-wpel-link="internal">xls&nbsp;table</a> and <a title="kml files for location of ancient ports" href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/GE/" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer" data-wpel-link="internal">kml files</a>.</p>
597
598
599
600<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Volume II: Citations of Ancient Authors</strong> gives citations of known ancient authors explicitly mentioning ports and harbours, in French. This work is not available on the web site as it would take too much space.</p>
601
602
603
604<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Volume III: Ancient Port</strong> <strong>Structures </strong>presents:</p>
605
606
607
608<ul class="wp-block-list">
609<li>Some thoughts on the design of several <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="a few ancient ports" data-wpel-link="internal">ancient ports</a> (Actium, Alexandria, Apollonia, the Bosphorus, Caesarea Maritima, Carthage, Centumcellae, Delos, El Hanieh, Leptis Magna, Marius’ canal, Narbonne, the Nile delta, Nirou Khani, Portus, Pisa, Puteoli &amp; Nesis, Charmuthas, Thapsus, the Tigris-Euphrates delta, Tyre);</li>
610
611
612
613<li>A list of over 150 proposed locations for <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/potential-ancient-harbours/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="Potential Ancient Harbours" data-wpel-link="internal">potential ancient harbours</a>;</li>
614
615
616
617<li>Some comments on <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/?page_id=384" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="Ancient Port Structures" data-wpel-link="internal">ancient port structures</a>, like Vitruvius’ methods, failure of breakwaters, subsidence and breakwater remains, design waves, reinforced concrete, pilae and arched breakwaters, pierced stones, defensive harbour chains, harbour silting-up, tombolos and salients;</li>
618
619
620
621<li>Some notes on ancient merchant <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/?page_id=375" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="Ancient Galleys and Merchant ships" data-wpel-link="internal">ships</a> and galleys, <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="ancient sailing" data-wpel-link="internal">sailing</a> techniques and Mediterranean sailing routes;</li>
622
623
624
625<li>Some thoughts about ancient <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">maritime trade</a> networks and intermodal hubs;</li>
626
627
628
629<li>Some remarks on <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="Measuring latitude with the Sun and with Polaris" data-wpel-link="internal">ancient maps</a>, on <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-measures/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" title="Ancient Measures" data-wpel-link="internal">ancient measures</a> and <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">ancient climate</a>, including <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-climate/tsunamis/" target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-wpel-link="internal">earthquakes and tsunamis</a>.</li>
630</ul>
631
632
633
634<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Volume IV:</strong> <strong>Stories of Ancient Sailors</strong> provides around twenty stories of ancient sailors … just for the pleasure of reading, in French.</p>
635
636
637
638<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Volume V:</strong> <strong>Bibliography</strong> provides thousands of references on ancient ports and harbours.</p>
639
640
641
642<p class="has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph">Should the knowledge gathered in this work be given a name, it might be called &#8220;<strong>palaeoportology</strong>&#8221; &#8230;</p>
643
644
645
646<p class="has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph"><em>You will have to excuse my limited knowledge<br>of the English language.</em></p>
647
648
649
650<p class="has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph"><a id="academia-button" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArthurdeGraauw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow external" data-wpel-link="external">Follow me on Academia.edu</a><br>
650<script src="//a.academia-assets.com/javascripts/social.js"></script>
650</p>
651
652
653<div class="wp-block-image">
654<figure class="aligncenter"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arthur_De_Graauw/publications" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow external" data-wpel-link="external"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ResearchGateLogo25.png" alt=""/></a></figure>
655</div>
656
657
658<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
659
660
661
662<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>
663
664
665
666<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>A few words on &#8220;methodology&#8221;</strong></p>
667
668
669
670<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The aim of this project is not only to compile a Catalogue of “all” coastal settlements, ports and harbours, but also to describe a few ancient ports and to better understand how the ancients have been building and using them.</p>
671
672
673
674<p class="wp-block-paragraph">My approach is ‘multidisciplinary’, in the sense that my background being that of a modern coastal engineer, I introduce my own experience into the world of historians, ar
674chaeologists, geoarchaeologists, etc. and I believe a different point of view is always useful. However, some dangers exist, as an outsider can easily forget or underestimate some aspects that are obvious to other disciplines, especially when he works in a somewhat lonely way: multidisciplinarity is more powerful in a ‘brainstorming’ approach, when the different disciplines can discuss directly, but that is not always feasible.</p>
675
676
677
678<p class="wp-block-paragraph">My methodology was rather simple: read, read and read. I have of course visited a number of ancient places, and that is how it all began many years ago in Alexandria. I have been talking to archaeologists. I have been sailing to a few places. I have even been diving on some. But I gained most of my knowledge on ancient ports from books, and without any help of “AI”.</p>
679
680
681
682<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Do not, therefore, expect the traditional ‘introduction-methodology-results-discussion-conclusion’ presentation.</p>
683
684
685
686<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I felt a strong motivation to explain what I had discovered, not to a few professionals who know all of that, but to other people like me who would appreciate a synthetic explanation. With that aim in mind, I started my own web site in 2011.</p>
687
688
689
690<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Perhaps, a few new points of view popped up during these wanderings, and I hope they will be useful.</p>
691
692
693
694<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The present ninth edition of this work (February 6<sup>th</sup>, 2024), comes after an eighth edition (February 8<sup>th</sup>, 2022), a seventh edition (March, 5<sup>th</sup>, 2020), a sixth edition (June 21<sup>st</sup>, 2017), a fifth edition (March 8<sup>th</sup>, 2016), a fourth edition (January 1<sup>st</sup>, 2014), a third edition (February 26<sup>th</sup>, 2013), a second edition (March 29<sup>th</sup>, 2012) and a first edition (September 19<sup>th</sup>, 2011).</p>
695
696
697
698<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Note on downloads:</strong> Many documents can be downloaded via the links provided in the <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/GE/AncientPorts.xlsx" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow noreferrer" data-wpel-link="internal">xls table</a>. However, as this work is continuously updated, some links may change in time. Should you encounter a message like &#8220;Page Not Found&#8221;, please try again with the latest updated database.</p>
699
700
701
702<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Do not hesitate to contact me via the <a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/contacts/" title="Contact" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">contact form</a> if you have any further questions.</p>
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730								<div class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="widget-content"><h2 class="widget-title subheading heading-size-3">Site Map</h2><nav class="menu-le-projet-container" aria-label="Site Map"><ul id="menu-le-projet-2" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-401"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">THE Catalogue</a>
731<ul class="sub-menu">
732	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-119"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/europe-north/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">UK &#038; North Europe</a></li>
733	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-175"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/spain-portugal/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Spain &#038; Portugal</a></li>
734	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-174"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/france/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">France</a></li>
735	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-172"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/corsica-sardinia/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Corsica &#038; Sardinia</a></li>
736	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-173"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/italy/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">West Italy</a></li>
737	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-170"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/sicily-malta-lampedusa/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sicily-Malta-Lampedusa</a></li>
738	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-171"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/adriatique/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Adriatic</a></li>
739	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-169"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/greece-continental/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Greece Continental</a></li>
740	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-168"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/greece-peloponnese/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Greece Peloponnese</a></li>
741	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-167"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/greece-islands/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Greek islands</a></li>
742	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-165"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/bosphorus-black-sea/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Bosphorus &#038; Black Sea</a></li>
743	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-166"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/crete-cyprus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Crete &#038; Cyprus</a></li>
744	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-164"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/turkey/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Turkey</a></li>
745	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-163"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/levant/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Levant</a></li>
746	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6585"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/red-sea/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Red Sea</a></li>
747	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6584"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/indian-ocean/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Indian Ocean &#038; Gulf</a></li>
748	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-404"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/egypt-libya/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Egypt &#038; Libya</a></li>
749	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-161"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/the-catalogue/north-africa/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">North Africa</a></li>
750</ul>
751</li>
752<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-395"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">A few Ancient Ports</a>
753<ul class="sub-menu">
754	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8746"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/actium/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Actium</a></li>
755	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-90"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/alexandria/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Alexandria Magnus Portus</a></li>
756	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5945"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/alexandria-pharos-island/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Alexandria Pharos island</a></li>
757	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4785"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/apollonia/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Apollonia</a></li>
758	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9770"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/the-bosphorus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Bosphorus</a></li>
759	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14021"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/caesarea-maritima/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Caesarea Maritima</a></li>
760	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13342"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/carthage/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Carthage</a></li>
761	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15695"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/centumcellae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Centumcellae</a></li>
762	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8421"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/delos/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Delos</a></li>
763	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4790"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/el-hanieh-ancient-anchorage/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">El Hanieh</a></li>
764	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-88"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/leptis-magna/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Leptis Magna</a></li>
765	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4784"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/marius-canal-fossae-marianae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Marius’ Canal</a></li>
766	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4788"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/narbonne/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Narbonne</a></li>
767	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12439"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/nile-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Nile Delta</a></li>
768	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7132"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/nirou-khani/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Nirou Khani</a></li>
769	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-89"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/portus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Portus Augusti</a></li>
770	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7938"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/portus-pisanus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Portus Pisanus</a></li>
771	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6756"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/puteoli/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Puteoli &#038; Nesis</a></li>
772	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22390"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ras-angela-beach-harbour/" title="Ras Angela &#8220;beach-harbour&#8221;" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ras Angela</a></li>
773	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5555"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/sharm-yanbu/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sharm Yanbu</a></li>
774	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6509"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/thapsus/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Thapsus</a></li>
775	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19697"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/the-tigris-euphrates-delta/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tigris-Euphrates Delta</a></li>
776	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17411"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/ancient-port-of-tyre/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tyre</a></li>
777	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21980"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/wadi-al-jarf/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li>
778	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4791"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/a-few-ports/potential-ancient-harbours/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Potential Ancient Harbours</a></li>
779</ul>
780</li>
781<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-396"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
781Ancient Structures</a>
782<ul class="sub-menu">
783	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17849"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/brief-historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></li>
784	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11963"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-texts/" title="Ancient texts on maritime structures" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient texts</a></li>
785	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11968"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/ancient-greek-terms/" title="Some definitions of ancient Greek terms" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Greek terms</a></li>
786	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10622"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/beaching-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Beaching or berthing ships?</a></li>
787	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-371"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/vitruvius/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Vitruvius</a></li>
788	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4786"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/remains-of-ancient-breakwaters/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Rubble mound breakwaters</a></li>
789	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4793"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/failure-of-rubble-mound-breakwaters-in-the-long-term/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Breakwater failure</a></li>
790	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14127"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/subsidence/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Subsidence</a></li>
791	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4783"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/design-waves/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Design waves</a></li>
792	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-370"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/reinforced-concrete/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Reinforced concrete?!</a></li>
793	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6720"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pilae/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pilae &#038; arched breakwaters</a></li>
794	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16874"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/lighthouses/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lighthouses &#038; beacons</a></li>
795	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-368"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/pierced-stones/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pierced stones</a></li>
796	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10703"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/defensive-chains/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Defensive harbour chains</a></li>
797	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-369"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/silting-up/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Silting-up of harbours</a></li>
798	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10276"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-port-structures/tombolos-salients/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tombolos &#038; Salients</a></li>
799</ul>
800</li>
801<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-400"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
801Ancient Ships</a>
802<ul class="sub-menu">
803	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9276"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/historical-overview/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Historical overview</a></li>
804	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-78"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/ancient-galleys/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Galleys</a></li>
805	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-262"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/merchant-ships/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Merchant Ships</a></li>
806	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9806"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-ships/who-is-the-gubernator/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Gubernator?</a></li>
807</ul>
808</li>
809<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9831"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Sailing</a>
810<ul class="sub-menu">
811	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18223"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/how-about-the-wind/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">how about the wind?</a></li>
812	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18222"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/ancient-sailing-how-about-the-sailing-rigs/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">how about the sailing rigs?</a></li>
813	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18221"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/ancient-sailing-on-the-mediterranean-sea/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Sailing on the Med</a></li>
814	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18220"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/modelling-mediterranean-ancient-sailing-routes/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Modelling sailing routes</a></li>
815	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18219"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-sailing/red-sea-versus-nile-ancient-sailing/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Red Sea versus Nile</a></li>
816</ul>
817</li>
818<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-9808"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Ancient Maritime Trade</a>
819<ul class="sub-menu">
820	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18286"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-containers/" title="Ancient containers" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Containers</a></li>
821	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18285"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-trade-hubs/" title="Ancient trade hubs" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Trade hubs</a></li>
822	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18284"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancient-trade/ancient-imported-goods/" title="Ancient imported goods" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Imported goods</a></li>
823</ul>
824</li>
825<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-76"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">
825Ancient Maps</a>
826<ul class="sub-menu">
827	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18257"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/from-t-o-maps-to-google-earth/" title="From T-O maps to Google Earth" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">World maps</a></li>
828	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18258"><a href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/ancientmaps/regional-maps/" title="Ancient local maps &#038; City maps" data-wpel-link="internal" target="_self" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Regional maps</a></li>
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