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12
13&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#73ae42&quot;&gt;Breastfeeding is the best option and the safest form of feeding in war situations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
14
15&lt;p&gt;During emergencies, including natural disasters and armed conflict, breastfeeding is vitally important. Breastfeeding provides reliable nutrition and protection against infectious diseases, without the need for potable water, feeding utensils, electricity, or external supplies.&lt;sup&gt;(ABM 2024)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
16
17&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_&lt;/p&gt;
18
19&lt;p&gt;War is an endemic disease of humanity. It is a catastrophe caused by adults, usually middle-aged and male, in which young people are sent to kill, rape and steal and which generates destruction of the social fabric, the health system, poverty, displacement of people, refugees and great mortality among children, women, the elderly and among the young combatants themselves.&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Ben Taleb 2014)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
20
21&lt;p&gt;Endemic disease of humanity. Catastrophe caused by adults, generally middle-aged and male, in which young people are sent to kill, rape and steal and which generates destruction of the social fabric, the health system, poverty, displacement of people, refugees and great mortality among children, women, the elderly and among the young combatants themselves.&lt;sup&gt; (Ben Taleb 2014)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
22
23&lt;p&gt;War is associated with a decrease in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding and an increase in the use of infant formula, which implies even more serious risks to children&amp;rsquo;s health. &lt;strong&gt;Infants in disaster situations fed with commercial milk formulas (&lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;CMF&lt;/span&gt;) have a high mortality rate&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (Rabbani 2020, Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019, MirMohamadaliIe 2019, Wagner 2019 and 2018, Habek 2016, Andersson 2010, Guerrero 2009, O&amp;rsquo;Connor 2001, Robertson 1995, Sapir 1993)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
24
25&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The consequences of a war are especially serious for children and women&lt;/strong&gt;, with mortality, decreased life expectancy, anemia, nutritional and growth disorders, psychological disorders, sexual violence and greater suffering of women compared to men.&lt;sup&gt; (Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019, MirMohamadaliIe 2019, Wagner 2019, Guerrero 2009, Sapir 1993)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
26
27&lt;p&gt;Although the lack of access to &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;CMF&lt;/span&gt; could lead to an increase in breastfeeding as the only option&lt;sup&gt; (Diwakar 2019)&lt;/sup&gt;, it has been observed that displacement, poor diet and stress suffered by mothers &lt;sup&gt;(Summers 2018)&lt;/sup&gt;, separation, death or serious trauma to the mother&lt;sup&gt; (O&amp;rsquo;Connor 2001)&lt;/sup&gt;, lack of promotion and support of breastfeeding by aid agencies&lt;sup&gt; (Andersson 2010)&lt;/sup&gt;, poor breastfeeding training of health care workers&lt;sup&gt; (Robertson 1995) &lt;/sup&gt;and &lt;strong&gt;systematic free distribution of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;CMF&lt;/span&gt; by international and local humanitarian agencies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt; (Zakanj 2000) &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;in war-affected areas are the causes of the decline in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (Rabbani 2020)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
28
29&lt;p&gt;To mitigate the effects of conflict and improve child health, a humanitarian action is needed which focuses on helping mothers cope with conflict-related stress and displacement through support for maternal mental health and psychosocial support programs.&lt;sup&gt; (Summers 2018)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
30
31&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Protecting a woman&amp;rsquo;
31s right to breastfeeding in emergencies is associated with better maternal and neonatal outcomes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt; (MirMohamadaliIe 2019)&lt;/sup&gt;. Breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support should be included in all emergency preparedness plans and staff training; &lt;strong&gt;emergency protocols should include breastfeeding specialists among emergency relief personnel&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;(ABM 2024)&lt;/sup&gt;. Breastfeeding has enabled babies to survive even under the direst circumstances.&lt;sup&gt; (Eidelman 2013)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
32
33&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specialized breastfeeding support for conflict-affected mothers is a matter of utmost urgency&lt;/strong&gt;, both during and after periods of conflict, as it can provide more sustainable benefits and with fewer unintended consequences than the distribution of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CMF&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
34
35&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Breastfeeding is the most effective way to provide perfect and adequate nutrients, even in emergency situations&lt;/strong&gt; where the nutritional status of mothers is affected&lt;sup&gt; (Nidzvetska 2017)&lt;/sup&gt;. Promoting and supporting breastfeeding and limiting the distribution of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CMF&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; by international aid agencies prevents the increase in malnutrition that occurs during armed conflicts.&lt;sup&gt; (Andersson 2010, IBFAN 2009, Robertson 1995, Moro 1995)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
36
37&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#d07327&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-breastfed infants are an at-risk group and should be identified&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; return to breastfeeding (relactation), wet nursing and donor milk should be considered in their support. Donations of CMF, bottles or nipples, and breast pumps should not be accepted in emergency situations without controlled supply, storage, preparation, and administration; they should be reserved exclusively for infants who cannot be breastfed.&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;(ABM 2024)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
38
39&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There are international protocols on infant and young child feeding in emergencies&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (CDC 2022, Save the Children 2020, IFE 2017)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
40
41&lt;p&gt;In war and natural disasters, the WHO &amp;ldquo;Guiding Principles for Feeding Infants and Young Children in Emergencies&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup&gt; (WHO 2004) &lt;/sup&gt;should be followed:&lt;/p&gt;
42
43&lt;ul&gt;
44	&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principles 1 and 2&lt;/strong&gt;: Infants born to emergency-affected populations should be exclusively breastfed from birth to 6 months of age. Every effort should be made to identify alternative ways of breastfeeding babies whose biological mothers are not available. Create and maintain an environment that encourages frequent breastfeeding for children up to two years of age or older.&lt;/li&gt;
45	&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle 3&lt;/strong&gt;: The quantity, distribution and use of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CMFs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; should be strictly controlled in emergency settings.&lt;/li&gt;
46&lt;/ul&gt;"><meta property="og:title" content="War: Level of risk for breastfeeding according to e-lactancia.org"><meta property="og:url" content="http://e-lactancia.org/breastfeeding/war/product/"><meta property="og:description" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SUMMARY OF COMMENT: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
47
48&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#73ae42&quot;&gt;Breastfeeding is the best option and the safest form of feeding in war situations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
49
50&lt;p&gt;During emergencies, including natural disasters and armed conflict, breastfeeding is vitally important. Breastfeeding provides reliable nutrition and protection against infectious diseases, without the need for potable water, feeding utensils, electricity, or external supplies.&lt;sup&gt;(ABM 2024)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
51
52&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_&lt;/p&gt;
53
54&lt;p&gt;War is an endemic disease of humanity. It is a catastrophe caused by adults, usually middle-aged and male, in which young people are sent to kill, rape and steal and which generates destruction of the social fabric, the health system, poverty, displacement of people, refugees and great mortality among children, women, the elderly and among the young combatants themselves.&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Ben Taleb 2014)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
55
56&lt;p&gt;Endemic disease of humanity. Catastrophe caused by adults, generally middle-aged and male, in which young people are sent to kill, rape and steal and which generates destruction of the social fabric, the health system, poverty, displacement of people, refugees and great mortality among children, women, the elderly and among the young combatants themselves.&lt;sup&gt; (Ben Taleb 2014)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
57
58&lt;p&gt;War is associated with a decrease in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding and an increase in the use of infant formula, which implies even more serious risks to children&amp;rsquo;s health. &lt;strong&gt;Infants in disaster situations fed with commercial milk formulas (&lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;CMF&lt;/span&gt;) have a high mortality rate&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (Rabbani 2020, Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019, MirMohamadaliIe 2019, Wagner 2019 and 2018, Habek 2016, Andersson 2010, Guerrero 2009, O&amp;rsquo;Connor 2001, Robertson 1995, Sapir 1993)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
59
60&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The consequences of a war are especially serious for children and women&lt;/strong&gt;, with mortality, decreased life expectancy, anemia, nutritional and growth disorders, psychological disorders, sexual violence and greater suffering of women compared to men.&lt;sup&gt; (Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019, MirMohamadaliIe 2019, Wagner 2019, Guerrero 2009, Sapir 1993)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
61
62&lt;p&gt;Although the lack of access to &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;CMF&lt;/span&gt; could lead to an increase in breastfeeding as the only option&lt;sup&gt; (Diwakar 2019)&lt;/sup&gt;, it has been observed that displacement, poor diet and stress suffered by mothers &lt;sup&gt;(Summers 2018)&lt;/sup&gt;, separation, death or serious trauma to the mother&lt;sup&gt; (O&amp;rsquo;Connor 2001)&lt;/sup&gt;, lack of promotion and support of breastfeeding by aid agencies&lt;sup&gt; (Andersson 2010)&lt;/sup&gt;, poor breastfeeding training of health care workers&lt;sup&gt; (Robertson 1995) &lt;/sup&gt;and &lt;strong&gt;systematic free distribution of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;CMF&lt;/span&gt; by international and local humanitarian agencies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt; (Zakanj 2000) &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;in war-affected areas are the causes of the decline in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (Rabbani 2020)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
63
64&lt;p&gt;To mitigate the effects of conflict and improve child health, a humanitarian action is needed which focu
64ses on helping mothers cope with conflict-related stress and displacement through support for maternal mental health and psychosocial support programs.&lt;sup&gt; (Summers 2018)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
65
66&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Protecting a woman&amp;rsquo;s right to breastfeeding in emergencies is associated with better maternal and neonatal outcomes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt; (MirMohamadaliIe 2019)&lt;/sup&gt;. Breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support should be included in all emergency preparedness plans and staff training; &lt;strong&gt;emergency protocols should include breastfeeding specialists among emergency relief personnel&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;(ABM 2024)&lt;/sup&gt;. Breastfeeding has enabled babies to survive even under the direst circumstances.&lt;sup&gt; (Eidelman 2013)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
67
68&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specialized breastfeeding support for conflict-affected mothers is a matter of utmost urgency&lt;/strong&gt;, both during and after periods of conflict, as it can provide more sustainable benefits and with fewer unintended consequences than the distribution of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CMF&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
69
70&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Breastfeeding is the most effective way to provide perfect and adequate nutrients, even in emergency situations&lt;/strong&gt; where the nutritional status of mothers is affected&lt;sup&gt; (Nidzvetska 2017)&lt;/sup&gt;. Promoting and supporting breastfeeding and limiting the distribution of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CMF&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; by international aid agencies prevents the increase in malnutrition that occurs during armed conflicts.&lt;sup&gt; (Andersson 2010, IBFAN 2009, Robertson 1995, Moro 1995)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
71
72&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#d07327&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-breastfed infants are an at-risk group and should be identified&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; return to breastfeeding (relactation), wet nursing and donor milk should be considered in their support. Donations of CMF, bottles or nipples, and breast pumps should not be accepted in emergency situations without controlled supply, storage, preparation, and administration; they should be reserved exclusively for infants who cannot be breastfed.&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;(ABM 2024)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
73
74&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There are international protocols on infant and young child feeding in emergencies&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (CDC 2022, Save the Children 2020, IFE 2017)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
75
76&lt;p&gt;In war and natural disasters, the WHO &amp;ldquo;Guiding Principles for Feeding Infants and Young Children in Emergencies&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup&gt; (WHO 2004) &lt;/sup&gt;should be followed:&lt;/p&gt;
77
78&lt;ul&gt;
79	&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principles 1 and 2&lt;/strong&gt;: Infants born to emergency-affected populations should be exclusively breastfed from birth to 6 months of age. Every effort should be made to identify alternative ways of breastfeeding babies whose biological mothers are not available. Create and maintain an environment that encourages frequent breastfeeding for children up to two years of age or older.&lt;/li&gt;
80	&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle 3&lt;/strong&gt;: The quantity, distribution and use of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CMFs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; should be strictly controlled in emergency settings.&lt;/li&gt;
81&lt;/ul&gt;"><meta property="og:image" content="https://e-lactancia.org/static/img/RRSS-elactancia_EN.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://e-lactancia.org/static/img/RRSS-elactancia_EN.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="e-lactancia.org"><meta property="og:locale" content="en"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="e-lactancia.org"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><meta name="twitter:title" content="War: Level of risk for breastfeeding according to e-lactancia.org"><meta name="twitter:url" content="http://e-lactancia.org/breastfeeding/war/product/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SUMMARY OF COMMENT: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
82
83&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#73ae42&quot;&gt;Breastfeeding is the best option and the safest form of feeding in war situations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
84
85&lt;p&gt;
85During emergencies, including natural disasters and armed conflict, breastfeeding is vitally important. Breastfeeding provides reliable nutrition and protection against infectious diseases, without the need for potable water, feeding utensils, electricity, or external supplies.&lt;sup&gt;(ABM 2024)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
86
87&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_&lt;/p&gt;
88
89&lt;p&gt;War is an endemic disease of humanity. It is a catastrophe caused by adults, usually middle-aged and male, in which young people are sent to kill, rape and steal and which generates destruction of the social fabric, the health system, poverty, displacement of people, refugees and great mortality among children, women, the elderly and among the young combatants themselves.&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Ben Taleb 2014)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
90
91&lt;p&gt;Endemic disease of humanity. Catastrophe caused by adults, generally middle-aged and male, in which young people are sent to kill, rape and steal and which generates destruction of the social fabric, the health system, poverty, displacement of people, refugees and great mortality among children, women, the elderly and among the young combatants themselves.&lt;sup&gt; (Ben Taleb 2014)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
92
93&lt;p&gt;War is associated with a decrease in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding and an increase in the use of infant formula, which implies even more serious risks to children&amp;rsquo;s health. &lt;strong&gt;Infants in disaster situations fed with commercial milk formulas (&lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;CMF&lt;/span&gt;) have a high mortality rate&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (Rabbani 2020, Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019, MirMohamadaliIe 2019, Wagner 2019 and 2018, Habek 2016, Andersson 2010, Guerrero 2009, O&amp;rsquo;Connor 2001, Robertson 1995, Sapir 1993)&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
94
95&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The consequences of a war are especially serious for children and women&lt;/strong&gt;, with mortality, decreased life expectancy, anemia, nutritional and growth disorders, psychological disorders, sexual violence and greater suffering of women compared to men.&lt;sup&gt; (Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019, MirMohamadaliIe 2019, Wagner 2019, Guerrero 2009, Sapir 1993)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
96
97&lt;p&gt;Although the lack of access to &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;CMF&lt;/span&gt; could lead to an increase in breastfeeding as the only option&lt;sup&gt; (Diwakar 2019)&lt;/sup&gt;, it has been observed that displacement, poor diet and stress suffered by mothers &lt;sup&gt;(Summers 2018)&lt;/sup&gt;, separation, death or serious trauma to the mother&lt;sup&gt; (O&amp;rsquo;Connor 2001)&lt;/sup&gt;, lack of promotion and support of breastfeeding by aid agencies&lt;sup&gt; (Andersson 2010)&lt;/sup&gt;, poor breastfeeding training of health care workers&lt;sup&gt; (Robertson 1995) &lt;/sup&gt;and &lt;strong&gt;systematic free distribution of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;CMF&lt;/span&gt; by international and local humanitarian agencies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt; (Zakanj 2000) &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;in war-affected areas are the causes of the decline in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (Rabbani 2020)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
98
99&lt;p&gt;To mitigate the effects of conflict and improve child health, a humanitarian action is needed which focuses on helping mothers cope with conflict-related stress and displacement through support for maternal mental health and psychosocial support programs.&lt;sup&gt; (Summers 2018)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
100
101&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Protecting a woman&amp;rsquo;s right to breastfeeding in emergencies is associated with better maternal and neonatal outcomes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt; (MirMohamadaliIe 2019)&lt;/sup&gt;. Breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support should be included in all emergency preparedness plans and staff training; &lt;strong&gt;emergency protocols should include breastfeeding specialists among emergency relief personnel&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;(ABM 2024)&lt;/sup&gt;. Breastfeeding has enabled babies to survive even under the direst circumstances.&lt;sup&gt; (Eidelman 2013)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
102
103&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specialized breastfeeding support for conflict-affected mothers is a matter of utmost urgency&lt;/strong&gt;
103, both during and after periods of conflict, as it can provide more sustainable benefits and with fewer unintended consequences than the distribution of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CMF&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
104
105&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Breastfeeding is the most effective way to provide perfect and adequate nutrients, even in emergency situations&lt;/strong&gt; where the nutritional status of mothers is affected&lt;sup&gt; (Nidzvetska 2017)&lt;/sup&gt;. Promoting and supporting breastfeeding and limiting the distribution of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CMF&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; by international aid agencies prevents the increase in malnutrition that occurs during armed conflicts.&lt;sup&gt; (Andersson 2010, IBFAN 2009, Robertson 1995, Moro 1995)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
106
107&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#d07327&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-breastfed infants are an at-risk group and should be identified&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; return to breastfeeding (relactation), wet nursing and donor milk should be considered in their support. Donations of CMF, bottles or nipples, and breast pumps should not be accepted in emergency situations without controlled supply, storage, preparation, and administration; they should be reserved exclusively for infants who cannot be breastfed.&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;(ABM 2024)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
108
109&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There are international protocols on infant and young child feeding in emergencies&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;sup&gt; (CDC 2022, Save the Children 2020, IFE 2017)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
110
111&lt;p&gt;In war and natural disasters, the WHO &amp;ldquo;Guiding Principles for Feeding Infants and Young Children in Emergencies&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup&gt; (WHO 2004) &lt;/sup&gt;should be followed:&lt;/p&gt;
112
113&lt;ul&gt;
114	&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principles 1 and 2&lt;/strong&gt;: Infants born to emergency-affected populations should be exclusively breastfed from birth to 6 months of age. Every effort should be made to identify alternative ways of breastfeeding babies whose biological mothers are not available. Create and maintain an environment that encourages frequent breastfeeding for children up to two years of age or older.&lt;/li&gt;
115	&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principle 3&lt;/strong&gt;: The quantity, distribution and use of &lt;span style=&quot;color:#b94a48&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CMFs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; should be strictly controlled in emergency settings.&lt;/li&gt;
116&lt;/ul&gt;"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://e-lactancia.org/static/img/RRSS-elactancia_EN.jpg">
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337        <p class="small last-update">Last update Dec. 11, 2024</p> 
338        <h1 class="term-header  risk-level0-prods ">
339        War</h1>
340    </div>
341</div> 
342    
343    
344 
345 
346    
347
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349 
350
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355
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357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364<div class="row-margins">
365        
366        <div class="row iguala_altura"> 
367
368            
369            <div class="column col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-3 no-lateral-padding">
370                <div class="box grey-box squared  risk-level0 ">
371                    <h2 class="risk-header"><p>Compatible</p></h2>
372                    <h4 >Safe product and/or breastfeeding is the best option. </h4>
373                    
374                </div>
375            </div>
376            
377            
378            
379            
380            <div class="column col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-9 no-lateral-padding">
381            
382                <div class="box grey-box squared  risk-comment-level0 ">
383                        
384                            
385                                
386
387                                    
388                                    
389                                        <p><strong>SUMMARY OF COMMENT: </strong></p>
390
391<p><strong><span style="color:#73ae42">Breastfeeding is the best option and the safest form of feeding in war situations.</span></strong></p>
392
393<p>
393During emergencies, including natural disasters and armed conflict, breastfeeding is vitally important. Breastfeeding provides reliable nutrition and protection against infectious diseases, without the need for potable water, feeding utensils, electricity, or external supplies.<sup>(ABM 2024)</sup></p>
394
395<p style="text-align:center">_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_</p>
396
397<p>War is an endemic disease of humanity. It is a catastrophe caused by adults, usually middle-aged and male, in which young people are sent to kill, rape and steal and which generates destruction of the social fabric, the health system, poverty, displacement of people, refugees and great mortality among children, women, the elderly and among the young combatants themselves.<sup>&nbsp;(Ben Taleb 2014)</sup></p>
398
399<p>Endemic disease of humanity. Catastrophe caused by adults, generally middle-aged and male, in which young people are sent to kill, rape and steal and which generates destruction of the social fabric, the health system, poverty, displacement of people, refugees and great mortality among children, women, the elderly and among the young combatants themselves.<sup> (Ben Taleb 2014)</sup></p>
400
401<p>War is associated with a decrease in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding and an increase in the use of infant formula, which implies even more serious risks to children&rsquo;s health. <strong>Infants in disaster situations fed with commercial milk formulas (<span style="color:#b94a48">CMF</span>) have a high mortality rate</strong>.<sup> (Rabbani 2020, Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019, MirMohamadaliIe 2019, Wagner 2019 and 2018, Habek 2016, Andersson 2010, Guerrero 2009, O&rsquo;Connor 2001, Robertson 1995, Sapir 1993)</sup>&nbsp;</p>
402
403<p><strong>The consequences of a war are especially serious for children and women</strong>, with mortality, decreased life expectancy, anemia, nutritional and growth disorders, psychological disorders, sexual violence and greater suffering of women compared to men.<sup> (Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019, MirMohamadaliIe 2019, Wagner 2019, Guerrero 2009, Sapir 1993)</sup></p>
404
405<p>Although the lack of access to <span style="color:#b94a48">CMF</span> could lead to an increase in breastfeeding as the only option<sup> (Diwakar 2019)</sup>, it has been observed that displacement, poor diet and stress suffered by mothers <sup>(Summers 2018)</sup>, separation, death or serious trauma to the mother<sup> (O&rsquo;Connor 2001)</sup>, lack of promotion and support of breastfeeding by aid agencies<sup> (Andersson 2010)</sup>, poor breastfeeding training of health care workers<sup> (Robertson 1995) </sup>and <strong>systematic free distribution of <span style="color:#b94a48">CMF</span> by international and local humanitarian agencies</strong><sup> (Zakanj 2000) </sup><strong>in war-affected areas are the causes of the decline in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding</strong>.<sup> (Rabbani 2020)</sup></p>
406
407<p>To mitigate the effects of conflict and improve child health, a humanitarian action is needed which focuses on helping mothers cope with conflict-related stress and displacement through support for maternal mental health and psychosocial support programs.<sup> (Summers 2018)</sup></p>
408
409<p><strong>Protecting a woman&rsquo;s right to breastfeeding in emergencies is associated with better maternal and neonatal outcomes</strong><sup> (MirMohamadaliIe 2019)</sup>. Breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support should be included in all emergency preparedness plans and staff training; <strong>emergency protocols should include breastfeeding specialists among emergency relief personnel</strong>&nbsp;<sup>(ABM 2024)</sup>. Breastfeeding has enabled babies to survive even under the direst circumstances.<sup> (Eidelman 2013)</sup></p>
410
411<p><strong>Specialized breastfeeding support for conflict-affected mothers is a matter of utmost urgency</strong>, both during and after periods of conflict, as it can provide more sustainable benefits and with fewer unintended consequences than the distribution of <span style="color:#b94a48"><strong>CMF</strong></span>.<sup> (Sumbele 2020, Diwakar 2019)</sup></p>
412
413<p><strong>Breastfeeding is the most effective way to provide perfect and adequate nutrients, even in emergency situations</strong> where the nutritional status of mothers is affected<sup> (Nidzvetska 2017)</sup>. Promoting and supporting breastfeeding and limiting the distribution of <sp
413an style="color:#b94a48"><strong>CMF</strong></span> by international aid agencies prevents the increase in malnutrition that occurs during armed conflicts.<sup> (Andersson 2010, IBFAN 2009, Robertson 1995, Moro 1995)</sup></p>
414
415<p><span style="color:#d07327"><strong>Non-breastfed infants are an at-risk group and should be identified</strong></span>; return to breastfeeding (relactation), wet nursing and donor milk should be considered in their support. Donations of CMF, bottles or nipples, and breast pumps should not be accepted in emergency situations without controlled supply, storage, preparation, and administration; they should be reserved exclusively for infants who cannot be breastfed.<sup>&nbsp;(ABM 2024)</sup></p>
416
417<p><strong>There are international protocols on infant and young child feeding in emergencies</strong>.<sup> (CDC 2022, Save the Children 2020, IFE 2017)</sup></p>
418
419<p>In war and natural disasters, the WHO &ldquo;Guiding Principles for Feeding Infants and Young Children in Emergencies&rdquo;<sup> (WHO 2004) </sup>should be followed:</p>
420
421<ul>
422	<li><strong>Principles 1 and 2</strong>: Infants born to emergency-affected populations should be exclusively breastfed from birth to 6 months of age. Every effort should be made to identify alternative ways of breastfeeding babies whose biological mothers are not available. Create and maintain an environment that encourages frequent breastfeeding for children up to two years of age or older.</li>
423	<li><strong>Principle 3</strong>: The quantity, distribution and use of <span style="color:#b94a48"><strong>CMFs</strong></span> should be strictly controlled in emergency settings.</li>
424</ul>  
425                                    
426                                    
427                                        
428                                    
429                                    
430                                    
431                                    
432                                            <br/>
433                                            
434                                                See below the information of this related product:
435                                            
436                                        <br/><br/>
437                                        <ul class="inline">
438                                        
439                                            <li><a 
440                                                  
441                                                    class="link_r0" 
442                                                   
443                                                  href="/breastfeeding/natural-catastrophe-disaster/product/" target="_blank"><strong>Natural Catastrophe, disaster</strong></a> (Safe product and/or breastfeeding is the best option.)</li>
444                                        
445                                        </ul>
446                                            
447                                    
448                                    
449                                    
450                                    
451                                    
452                                
453                            
454                        
455                    </div>
456            </div>
457            
458            
459            
460            
461        </div>  
462
463</div>  
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471<div class="row iguala_altura top-bottom-margins is-flex visible-xs hidden-sm visible-md visible-lg">
472    <div class="column col-xs-12 col-md-3">
473        <div class="row">
474            <div class="col-xs-3">
475                <div class="box grey-box squared risk-level0-legend"></div>
476            </div>
477            <div class="col-xs-8" style="margin-top:20px; padding:0;">
478                <p class="small link_r0"><strong>Safe, best option.</strong></p>
479            </div>
480            <div class="col-xs-10">
481                <p class="small">Compatible</p>
482                <p class="small"><a id="btn_risk0" data-toggle="popover">More information</a></p>
483            </div>
484        </div>  
485    </div>
486    
487    <div class="column col-xs-12 col-md-3">
488        <div class="row">
489            <div class="col-xs-3">
490                <div class="box grey-box squared risk-level1-legend"></div>
491            </div>
492            <div class="col-xs-8" style="margin-top:20px; padding:0;">
493                <p class="small link_r1"><strong>Fairly safe.</strong></p>
494            </div>
495            <div class="col-xs-10">
496                <p class="small">Likely Compatibility</p>
497                <p class="small"><a id="btn_risk1" data-toggle="popover">More information</a></p>
498            </div>
499        </div>  
500    </div>
501    
502    <div class="column col-xs-12 col-md-3">
503        <div class="row">
504            <div class="col-xs-3">
505                <div class="box grey-box squared risk-level2-legend"></div>
506            </div>
507            <div class="col-xs-8" style="margin-top:20px; padding:0;">
508                <p class="small link_r2"><strong>Unsafe.</strong></p>
509            </div>
510            <div class="col-xs-10">
511                <p class="small">Limited compatibility</p>
512                <p class="small"><a id="btn_risk2" data-toggle="popover">More information</a></p>
513            </div>
514        </div>  
515    </div>
516    
517    <div class="column col-xs-12 col-md-3">
518        <div class="row">
519            <div class="col-xs-3">
520                <div class="box grey-box squared risk-level3-legend"></div>
521            </div>
522            <div class="col-xs-8" style="margin-top:20px; padding:0;">
523                <p class="small link_r3"><strong>Very unsafe.</strong></p>
524            </div>
525            <div class="col-xs-10">
526                <p class="small">Incompatible</p>
527                <p class="small"><a id="btn_risk3" data-toggle="popover">More information</a></p>
528            </div>
529        </div>  
530    </div>
531    
532</div>
533
534
535<div class="row iguala_altura top-bottom-margins hidden-xs visible-sm hidden-md hidde-lg">
536    <div class="column col-sm-6">
537        <div class="row">
538            <div class="col-xs-3">
539                <div class="box grey-box squared risk-level0-legend"></div>
540            </div>
541            <div class="col-xs-8" style="margin-top:20px; padding:0;">
542                <p class="small link_r0"><strong>Safe, best option.</strong></p>
543            </div>
544            <div class="col-xs-10">
545                <p class="small">Compatible</p>
546                <p class="small"><a id="btn_risk0_sm" data-toggle="popover">More information</a></p>
547            </div>
548        </div>  
549    </div>
550    
551    <div class="column col-sm-6">
552        <div class="row">
553            <div class="col-xs-3">
554                <div class="box grey-box squared risk-level1-legend"></div>
555            </div>
556            <div class="col-xs-8" style="margin-top:20px; padding:0;">
557                <p class="small link_r1"><strong>Fairly safe.</strong></p>
558            </div>
559            <div class="col-xs-10">
560                <p class="small">Likely Compatibility</p>
561                <p class="small"><a id="btn_risk1_sm" data-toggle="popover">More information</a></p>
562            </div>
563        </div>  
564    </div>
565</div>
566<div class="row iguala_altura top-bottom-margins hidden-xs visible-sm hidden-md">
567    
568    <div class="column col-sm-6">
569        <div class="row">
570            <div class="col-xs-3">
571                <div class="box grey-box squared risk-level2-legend"></div>
572            </div>
573            <div class="col-xs-8" style="margin-top:20px; padding:0;">
574                <p class="small link_r2"><strong>Unsafe.</strong></p>
575            </div>
576            <div class="col-xs-10">
577                <p class="small">Limited compatibility</p>
578                <p class="small"><a id="btn_risk2_sm" data-toggle="popover">More information</a></p>
579            </div>
580        </div>  
581    </div>
582    
583    <div class="column col-sm-6">
584        <div class="row">
585            <div class="col-xs-3">
586                <div class="box grey-box squared risk-level3-legend"></div>
587            </div>
588            <div class="col-xs-8" style="margin-top:20px; padding:0;">
589                <p class="small link_r3"><strong>Very unsafe.</strong></p>
590            </div>
591            <div class="col-xs-10">
592                <p class="small">Incompatible</p>
593                <p class="small"><a id="btn_risk3_sm" data-toggle="popover">More information</a></p>
594            </div>
595        </div>  
596    </div>
597    
598</div>
599
600
601    
602
603
604<div class="row">
605    <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10">
606        <p class="disclaimer-text"><p style="text-align:center"><strong>Suggestions made at <u>e-lactancia</u></strong> are done by <a href="http://apilam.org/en" target="_blank">APILAM</a>&nbsp;team of health professionals, and <strong>are based on updated scientific publications</strong>.&nbsp;It is not intended to replace the relationship you have with your doctor but to compound it. <em><strong>The pharmaceutical industry contraindicates breastfeeding, mistakenly and without scientific reasons, in most of the drug data sheets</strong>.</em></p></p>
607    </div>
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616
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619
620<div class="container-fluid pink">
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623            <div class="col-md-2 col-md-offset-1 col-sm-2 col-sm-offset-1 col-xs-3 col-xs-offset-0">
624                
625                    <img src="/static/img/jose-maria-paricio-300px.jpg" class="img-responsive img-circle" alt="Jose Maria Paricio, Founder & President of APILAM/e-Lactancia" style="margin-top:5px;"/> 
626                
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629                <blockquote>
630                    <p>Your contribution is essential for this service to continue to exist. We need the generosity of people like you who believe in the benefits of breastfeeding.</p> <p>Thank you for helping to protect and promote breastfeeding.</p>
631                    <footer>José María Paricio, founder of e-lactancia.</footer>
632                </blockquote>
633            </div>
634            <div class="col-md-2 col-sm-2 col-xs-6">
635                <div class="boton-donativo-faja">
636                    <a class="btn btn-lg round btn-donate" href="/donativos/" style="padding: 18px;">DONATE NOW</a>
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647
648<div class="container"> 
649
650
651
652
653
654    
655
656   
657  
658    
659
660
661
662
663
664
665<div class="row top-bottom-margins ">
666    <!-- alias -->
667    
668        <div class="column col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-5">
669            <div class="box grey-box">
670                <h3 class="risk-header">Other names</h3>
671                
672                
673                    
674                    <p><strong>War</strong> is also known as</p>
675                    <ul> 
676                        
677                            
678                                
679                                    <li><a href="/breastfeeding/armed-belic-conflict/synonym/"  >Armed, Belic Conflict</a></li>
680                                
681                            
682                                
683                                    <li><a href="/breastfeeding/artificial-catastrophe-man-made-disaster/synonym/"  >Artificial Catastrophe. Man-made disaster</a></li>
684                                
685                            
686                        
687                    </ul>
688                    <br>
689                 
690                 
691                 
692                 
693                 
694                
695            </div>
696        </div> <!-- OTROS NOMBRES well -->
697    
698    
699    <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-7">
700        <div class="col-xs-12">
701            <div class="box grey-box">
702                
703                    <h3>Group</h3>
704                    <p><strong>War</strong> belongs to this group or family:</p>
705                                    
706                <ul><!-- class="nav nav-pills nav-stacked" -->
707                    
708                        <li><a href="/breastfeeding/noatc-t03-disaster-catastrophic-situation/group/"  >NoATC T03: Disaster, catastrophic situation</a></li>
709                    
710                </ul>
711             </div>
712        </div> <!-- GRUPOS well -->
713                
714    </div> 
715</div> 
716
717    
718
719
720
721<!-- end of block of names -->
722
723
724
725
726
727
728<div class="row top-bottom-margins">
729
730    
731    
732    
733    <div class="col-md-12">
734        <h3 class="risk-header">References</h3>
735
736            
737                <div class="panel accordion-biblio" id="biblio_accordion">
738                <div class="panel-group">
739                    <div class="panel-heading">
740                        <a role="button" class="collapsed text-center" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#biblio_accordion" href="#collapsebiblioOne" id="accordion-biblio">List of 30 references</a>
741                    </div>
742                    <div id="collapsebiblioOne" class="panel-collapse collapse">
743                        <div class="panel-body">
744            
745                            
746                                <ol>
747                                    
748                                    
749                                        <li>ABM: Bartick M, Zimmerman DR, Sulaiman Z, Taweel AE, AlHreasy F, Barska L, Fadieieva A, Massry S, Dahlquist N, Mansovsky M, Gribble K. <em>Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Position Statement: Breastfeeding in Emergencie
749s.</em> 
750                                        
751                                        <strong>Breastfeed Med. 2024 Sep;19(9):666-682.</strong>
752                                        
753                                        
754                                        
755                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39264309" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
756                                        
757                                        
758                                        
759
760                                        </li>        
761                                    
762                                    
763                                        <li>Save the Children and the Nutrition Technical Rapid Response Team (Tech RRT) with the support of the members of the IFE Core Group (2020). <em>Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies (IYCF-E). Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) For Emergency Response Teams.</em> 
764                                        
765                                        <strong>None</strong> <strong>2022</strong>
766                                        
767                                        
768                                        
769                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.ennonline.net/iycfesopforemergencyteams" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
770                                        
771                                        
772                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/3713/IYCF_E-SOP-for-emergency-teams_Oct20.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
773                                        
774                                        
775
776                                        </li>        
777                                    
778                                    
779                                        <li>CDC. <em>Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies</em> 
780                                        
781                                        <strong>.</strong> <strong>2022</strong>
782                                        
783                                        
784                                        
785                                        
786                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/emergencies-infant-feeding/downloads/iycf-e-toolkit-h.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
787                                        
788                                        
789
790                                        </li>        
791                                    
792                                    
793                                        <li>Save the Children and the Nutrition Technical Rapid Response Team (Tech RRT) with the support of the members of the IFE Core Group (2020). <em>Alimentación de lactantes y niños/ as pequeños/as en emergencias. Guía operativa para Personal de Mitigación de Emergencias y Administradores/as del Programa</em> 
794                                        
795                                        <strong>.</strong> <strong>2020</strong>
796                                        
797                                        
798                                        
799                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.ennonline.net/iycfesopforemergencyteams" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
800                                        
801                                        
802                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/3840/IYCF_E-SOP-for-emergency-teams_Spanish.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
803                                        
804                                        
805
806                                        </li>        
807                                    
808                                    
809                                        <li>Akseer N, Wright J, Tasic H, Everett K, Scudder E, Amsalu R, Boerma T, Bendavid E, Kamali M, Barros AJD, da Silva ICM, Bhutta ZA. <em>Women, children and adolescents in conflict countries: an assessment of inequalities in intervention coverage and survival.</em> 
810                                        
811                                        <strong>BMJ Glob Health. 2020 Jan 26;5(1):e002214.</strong>
812                                        
813                                        
814                                        
815                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32133179" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
816                                        
817                                        
818                                        
819
820                                        </li>        
821                                    
822                                    
823                                        <li>Rabbani A, Padhani ZA, A Siddiqui F, Das JK, Bhutta Z. <em>Systematic review of infant and young child feeding practices in conflict areas: what the evidence advocates.</em> 
824                                        
825                                        <strong>BMJ Open. 2020 Sep 13;10(9):e036757.</strong>
826                                        
827                                        
828                                        
829                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32928852" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
830                                        
831                                        
832                                        
833
834                                        </li>        
835                                    
836                                    
837                                        <li>Sumbele IUN, Asoba GN, Teh RN, Metuge S, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Nkuo-Akenji T. <em>Burden of moderate to severe anaemia and severe stunting in children &lt; 3 years in conflict-hit Mount Cameroon: a community based descriptive cross-sectional study.</em> 
838                                        
839                                        <strong>BMC Pediatr. 2020 Aug 24;20(1):396.</strong>
840                                        
841                                        
842                                        
843                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32838765" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
844                                        
845                                        
846                                        
847
848                                        </li>        
849                                    
850                                    
851                                        <li>Diwakar V, Malcolm M, Naufal G. <em>Violent conflict and breastfeeding: the case of Iraq.</em> 
852                                        
853                                        <strong>Confl Health. 2019 Dec 30;13:61.</strong>
854                                        
855                                        
856                                        
857                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31892940" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
858                                        
859                                        
860                                        
861
862                                        </li>        
863                                    
864                                    
865                                        <li>Yasuko Emura. <em>Alimentación de bebés durante emergencias: ¿Qué deberíamos hacer?
865</em> 
866                                        
867                                        <strong>Comic. Infografia.</strong> <strong>2019</strong>
868                                        
869                                        
870                                        
871                                        
872                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.ennonline.net/sites/default/files/Comic_Feeding_babies_during_emergencies_Spanish.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
873                                        
874                                        
875                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="/media/papers/Catastrofes-Comic_Feeding_babies_during_emergencies_Spanish.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (in our servers)</a>
876                                        
877
878                                        </li>        
879                                    
880                                    
881                                        <li>MirMohamadaliIe M, Khani Jazani R, Sohrabizadeh S, Nikbakht Nasrabadi A. <em>Barriers to Breastfeeding in Disasters in the Context of Iran.</em> 
882                                        
883                                        <strong>Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019 Feb;34(1):20-24.</strong>
884                                        
885                                        
886                                        
887                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30761978" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
888                                        
889                                        
890                                        
891
892                                        </li>        
893                                    
894                                    
895                                        <li>Wagner Z, Heft-Neal S, Wise PH, Black RE, Burke M, Boerma T, Bhutta ZA, Bendavid E. <em>Women and children living in areas of armed conflict in Africa: a geospatial analysis of mortality and orphanhood.</em> 
896                                        
897                                        <strong>Lancet Glob Health. 2019 Dec;7(12):e1622-e1631.</strong>
898                                        
899                                        
900                                        
901                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31669039" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
902                                        
903                                        
904                                        
905
906                                        </li>        
907                                    
908                                    
909                                        <li>Summers A, Bilukha OO. <em>Suboptimal infant and young child feeding practices among internally displaced persons during conflict in eastern Ukraine.</em> 
910                                        
911                                        <strong>Public Health Nutr. 2018 Apr;21(5):917-926.</strong>
912                                        
913                                        
914                                        
915                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29268805" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
916                                        
917                                        
918                                        
919
920                                        </li>        
921                                    
922                                    
923                                        <li>Wagner Z, Heft-Neal S, Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Burke M, Bendavid E. <em>Armed conflict and child mortality in Africa: a geospatial analysis.</em> 
924                                        
925                                        <strong>Lancet. 2018 Sep 8;392(10150):857-865.</strong>
926                                        
927                                        
928                                        
929                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30173907" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
930                                        
931                                        
932                                        
933
934                                        </li>        
935                                    
936                                    
937                                        <li>WHO. <em>The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: Frequently Asked
938Questions (2017 Update)</em> 
939                                        
940                                        <strong>-</strong> <strong>2017</strong>
941                                        
942                                        
943                                        
944                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-17.1" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
945                                        
946                                        
947                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/254911/WHO-NMH-NHD-17.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
948                                        
949                                        
950                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="/media/papers/Codigo_Actualizacion-WHO2017_en.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (in our servers)</a>
951                                        
952
953                                        </li>        
954                                    
955                                    
956                                        <li>Nidzvetska S, Rodriguez-Llanes JM, Aujoulat I, Gil Cuesta J, Tappis H, van Loenhout JA, Guha-Sapir D. <em>Maternal and Child Health of Internally Displaced Persons in Ukraine: A Qualitative Study.</em> 
957                                        
958                                        <strong>
958Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Jan 9;14(1). pii: E54.</strong>
959                                        
960                                        
961                                        
962                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28075363" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
963                                        
964                                        
965                                        
966
967                                        </li>        
968                                    
969                                    
970                                        <li>IFE-CG. Red de Nutrición en Emergencias. <em>Alimentación de lactantes y niños/ as pequeños/as en emergencias.</em> 
971                                        
972                                        <strong>Guía operativa para Personal de Mitigación de Emergencias y Administradores/as del Programa.</strong> <strong>2017</strong>
973                                        
974                                        
975                                        
976                                        
977                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.ennonline.net/sites/default/files/Ops-Guidance-on-IFE_v3_Spanish.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
978                                        
979                                        
980                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="/media/papers/Emergencias-Catastrofes_Ops_IFE_Spanish_WEB_2017.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (in our servers)</a>
981                                        
982
983                                        </li>        
984                                    
985                                    
986                                        <li>IFE-CG. Emergency Nutrition Network <em>Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies.
987Operational Guidance for Emergency Relief Staff and Programme Managers.</em> 
988                                        
989                                        <strong>Operational Guidance for Emergency Relief Staff and Programme Managers.</strong> <strong>2017</strong>
990                                        
991                                        
992                                        
993                                        
994                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/3127/Ops-G_English_04Mar2019_WEB.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
995                                        
996                                        
997                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="/media/papers/Emergencies-Ops-G_English_04Mar2019_WEB.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (in our servers)</a>
998                                        
999
1000                                        </li>        
1001                                    
1002                                    
1003                                        <li>OMS <em>Código Internacional de Comercialización de Sucedáneos de la Leche Materna: preguntas frecuentes (actualización de 2017).</em> 
1004                                        
1005                                        <strong>-</strong> <strong>2017</strong>
1006                                        
1007                                        
1008                                        
1009                                        
1010                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/255194/WHO-NMH-NHD-17.1-spa.pdf?sequence=1" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
1011                                        
1012                                        
1013                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="/media/papers/Codigo_Actualizacion-WHO2017_es.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (in our servers)</a>
1014                                        
1015
1016                                        </li>        
1017                                    
1018                                    
1019                                        <li>Habek D, Dujaković T, Habek JC, Jurković I. <em>TWENTY-THREE-YEAR LONG-TERM HEALTH OUTCOME AFTER THE WAR IN VUKOVAR.</em> 
1020                                        
1021                                        <strong>Acta Clin Croat. 2016 Mar;55(1):58-62.</strong>
1022                                        
1023                                        
1024                                        
1025                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27333719" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
1026                                        
1027                                        
1028                                        
1029
1030                                        </li>        
1031                                    
1032                                    
1033                                        <li>Ben Taleb Z, Bahelah R, Fouad FM, Coutts A, Wilcox M, Maziak W. <em>Syria: health in a country undergoing tragic transition.</em> 
1034                                        
1035                                        <strong>Int J Public Health. 2015 Jan;60 Suppl 1:S63-72.</strong>
1036                                        
1037                                        
1038                                        
1039                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25023995" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
1040                                        
1041                                        
1042                                        
1043
1044                                        </li>        
1045                                    
1046                                    
1047                                        <li>Eidelman AI. <em>Breastfeeding mitigates a disaster.</em> 
1048                                        
1049                                        <strong>Breastfeed Med. 2013 Jun;8(3):344-5.</strong>
1050                                        
1051                                        
1052                                        
1053                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23651225" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
1054                                        
1055                                        
1056                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/bfm.2013.9989" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
1057                                        
1058                                        
1059
1060                                        </li>        
1061                                    
1062                                    
1063                                        <li>Andersson N, Paredes-Solís S, Legorreta-Soberanis J, Cockcroft A, Sherr L. <em>Breast-feeding in a complex emergency: four linked cross-sectional studies during the Bosnian conflict.</em> 
1064                                        
1065                                        <strong>Public Health Nutr. 2010 Dec;13(12):2097-104.</strong>
1066                                        
1067                                        
1068                                        
1069                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576196" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
1070                                        
1071                                        
1072                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FPHN%2FPHN13_12%2FS1368980010001667a.pdf&amp;code=58e459eca1bc6a413d961c531b3262e2" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
1073                                        
1074                                        
1075
1076                                        </li>        
1077                                    
1078                                    
1079                                        <li>Guerrero Serdan, Gabriela. <em>The Effects of the War in Iraq on Nutrition and Health: An Analysis Using Anthropometric Outcomes of Children.</em> 
1080                                        
1081                                        <strong>
1081MPRA Paper No. 14056.</strong> <strong>2009</strong>
1082                                        
1083                                        
1084                                        
1085                                        
1086                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14056/1/Effects_of_the_war_in_Iraq_on_Nutrition_Revised_Tables_Feb_2009.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
1087                                        
1088                                        
1089                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="/media/papers/WarBF-Guerrero2009.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (in our servers)</a>
1090                                        
1091
1092                                        </li>        
1093                                    
1094                                    
1095                                        <li>IBFAN - ICDC. <em>El Código y la alimentación infanl durante las emergencias.</em> 
1096                                        
1097                                        <strong>Focus</strong> <strong>2009</strong>
1098                                        
1099                                        
1100                                        
1101                                        
1102                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://worldbreastfeedingweek.net/wbw2009/images/icdc_%20focus_spanish.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
1103                                        
1104                                        
1105                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="/media/papers/Catastrofe_emergencias_icdc__focus_spanish-IBFAN2009.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (in our servers)</a>
1106                                        
1107
1108                                        </li>        
1109                                    
1110                                    
1111                                        <li>WHO. World Health Organization. <em>Guiding principles for feeding infants and young children during emergencies.</em> 
1112                                        
1113                                        <strong>WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.</strong> <strong>2004</strong>
1114                                        
1115                                        
1116                                        
1117                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/emergencies/9241546069/en/" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
1118                                        
1119                                        
1120                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42710/9241546069.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">Full text (link to original source)</a>
1121                                        
1122                                        
1123                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="/media/papers/Guerra-CatatrofeBF-WHO2004.pdf" target="_blank">Full text (in our servers)</a>
1124                                        
1125
1126                                        </li>        
1127                                    
1128                                    
1129                                        <li>O&#x27;Connor ME, Burkle FM Jr, Olness K. <em>Infant feeding practices in complex emergencies: a case study approach.</em> 
1130                                        
1131                                        <strong>Prehosp Disaster Med. 2001 Oct-Dec;16(4):231-8.</strong>
1132                                        
1133                                        
1134                                        
1135                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12090203" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
1136                                        
1137                                        
1138                                        
1139
1140                                        </li>        
1141                                    
1142                                    
1143                                        <li>Zakanj Z, Armano G, Grgurić J, Herceg-Cavrak V. <em>Influence of 1991-1995 war on breast-feeding in Croatia: questionnaire study.</em> 
1144                                        
1145                                        <strong>Croat Med J. 2000 Jun;41(2):186-90.</strong>
1146                                        
1147                                        
1148                                        
1149                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10853050" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
1150                                        
1151                                        
1152                                        
1153
1154                                        </li>        
1155                                    
1156                                    
1157                                        <li>Robertson A, Fronczak N, Jaganjac N, Hailey P, Copeland P, Duprat M. <em>Nutrition and infant feeding survey of women and children in Sarajevo during July 1993.</em> 
1158                                        
1159                                        <strong>Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Oct;49 Suppl 2:S11-6.</strong>
1160                                        
1161                                        
1162                                        
1163                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8846759" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
1164                                        
1165                                        
1166                                        
1167
1168                                        </li>        
1169                                    
1170                                    
1171                                        <li>Moro D. <em>Birthweight and breast feeding of babies born during the war in one municipal area of Sarajevo.</em> 
1172                                        
1173                                        <strong>Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Oct;49 Suppl 2:S37-9.</strong>
1174                                        
1175                                        
1176                                        
1177                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8846764" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
1178                                        
1179                                        
1180                                        
1181
1182                                        </li>        
1183                                    
1184                                    
1185                                        <li>Sapir DG. <em>Natural and man-made disasters: the vulnerability of women-headed households and children without families.</em> 
1186                                        
1187                                        <strong>World Health Stat Q. 1993;46(4):227-33.</strong>
1188                                        
1189                                        
1190                                        
1191                                            <a class="btn btn-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017082" target="_blank">Abstract</a>
1192                                        
1193                                        
1194                                        
1195
1196                                        </li>        
1197                                    
1198                                </ol>
1199                            
1200            
1201                        </div>
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1298
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1691            content: '<p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000">A substance (drug, plant, food, contaminant), disease or situation labeled as </span><span style="color:#73ae42"><strong>COMPATIBLE</strong></span><span style="color:#000000"> is one in which breastfeeding remains the safest option for the mother and infant. There is no reason to discontinue breastfeeding.</span></p><p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#73ae42"><strong>Breastfeeding is acceptable and the safest option for the mother and infant</strong></span><span style="color:#000000">because there is evidence or expert consensus published in the scientific literature demonstrating that:</span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align:left"><strong>The substance</strong> is safe during lactation and/or has no demonstrated toxicity and/or is frequently used in neonates or young infants and/or is commonly or traditionally consumed extensively and/or with very favorable lactation pharmacokinetics (low oral absorption, high molecular weight</p></li><li><p style="text-align:left">In <strong>diseases or certain situations</strong>, breastfeeding is the best option. There is evidence of lack of transmission of a disease through breast milk and its treatment is compatible with breastfeeding.</p></li></ul>'
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1718            html : true, 
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1720            title: '<strong>Unsafe</strong><button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_risk2_sm&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>', 
1721            content: '<p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000">A substance (drug, plant, food, contaminant), disease or situation, labeled as having </span><span style="color:#d07327"><strong>LIMITED COMPATIBILITY</strong></span><span style="color:#000000">
1721is one that could cause moderate or severe adverse effects on the nursing or nursing infant. Either these have been reported, or there are no published data, but the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of absorption, distribution and elimination of the product make the occurrence of these adverse effects likely. In case of diseases there is clear evidence of transmission through breast milk and/or few or none of the drugs in its treatment are compatible with breastfeeding.</span></p><p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#d07327"><strong>Unsafe product, difficult, <u>although possible</u>, to make compatible</strong></span><span style="color:#000000">: The risk-benefit ratio must be assessed, a safer alternative must be sought, or breastfeeding must be interrupted for the necessary time (5 to 7 T&frac12;) until the drug is eliminated from the mother&#39;s body, which depends on the elimination half-life (T&frac12;) of the drug.</span></p><p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000">Those with shorter T&frac12; are easier to match. Express and store milk days before, to give in place of that which will be expressed and temporarily discarded after drug administration.</span></p>'
1722        });
1723        $("#btn_risk3").popover({
1724            html : true, 
1725            placement:'bottom',
1726            title: '<strong>Very unsafe</strong><button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_risk3&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>', 
1727            content: '<p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000">A substance, disease or condition is labeled as </span><span style="color:#b94a48"><strong>INCOMPATIBLE</strong></span><span style="color:#000000"> when it is known or assumed to have a high probability of causing serious adverse effects in the infant or to be detrimental to breastfeeding by inhibition of lactation. Either these have been reported or there are no published data, but the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of absorption, distribution and elimination of the product make the occurrence of significant adverse effects highly probable.</span></p><p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000">The elimination half-life (T&frac12;) of the drug is too long to consider a reasonable temporary discontinuation of breastfeeding as an alternative.</span></p><p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000">If there is no alternative and its administration to the mother is strictly necessary, it is advisable to interrupt breastfeeding.</span></p>'
1728        });
1729        $("#btn_risk3_sm").popover({
1730            html : true, 
1731            placement:'bottom',
1732            title: '<strong>Very unsafe</strong><button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_risk3_sm&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>', 
1733            content: '<p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000">A substance, disease or condition is labeled as </span><span style="color:#b94a48"><strong>INCOMPATIBLE</strong></span><span style="color:#000000"> when it is known or assumed to have a high probability of causing serious adverse effects in the infant or to be detrimental to breastfeeding by inhibition of lactation. Either these have been reported or there are no published data, but the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of absorption, distribution and elimination of the product make the occurrence of significant adverse effects highly probable.</span></p><p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000">The elimination half-life (T&frac12;) of the drug is too long to consider a reasonable temporary discontinuation of breastfeeding as an alternative.</span></p><p style="text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000">If there is no alternative and its administration to the mother is strictly necessary, it is advisable to interrupt breastfeeding.</span></p>'
1734        });
1735        
1736    </script>
1736
1737    
1737<script type="text/javascript">
1738        $("#btn_citation").popover({
1739            html : true,
1740            placement:'left',
1741            content: 'Choose the bibliographic citation format you prefer. You can copy the citation text below and also download it on your computer by pressing the button'
1742        }); 
1743    </script>
1743
1744        
1745        
1746        
1746<script type="text/javascript">
1747        $("#btn_biod").popover({
1748            html : true,
1749            placement:'right',
1750            title: 'Oral Bioavail.  <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_biod&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1751            content: '<p><strong>Bioavailability</strong> is the percentage of a substance that reaches the systemic circulation after administration, absorption, and, seemingly first metabolization by the liver.</p><p>At maternal level, as low is the bioavailability, as low will be the pass into the milk.</p><p>At infant level, as low is the <strong>oral bioavailability</strong> of substances reaching through the milk, as low will be the absorption by the infant&#39;s&nbsp;gut with a lower risk for reaching the plasma.</p><p>The gut of infants younger than 15 days and premature babies may be more permeable than that of older ones.</p>'
1752        }); 
1753        </script>
1753
1754        
1754<script type="text/javascript">
1755        $("#btn_p_molecular").popover({
1756            html : true,
1757            placement:'right',
1758            title: 'Molecular weight <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_p_molecular&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1759            content: 'Molecular weight (MW) of the substance under concern.<br/><br/>At high MW, it is more difficult the excretion of particles into the milk.<br/><br/>Substances with a MW which is lower than 200 daltons (Da) readily pass through the alveolar epithelium, if higher than 500 Da, they are in trouble for getting into the milk and over 1000 Da, it is considered excretion into the breast milk very difficult.'
1760        });
1761        </script>
1761
1762        
1762<script type="text/javascript">
1763        $("#btn_u_prot").popover({
1764            html : true,
1765            placement:'right',
1766            title: 'Protein Binding <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_u_prot&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1767            content: 'Percentage of binding to plasma protein of a given substance (low: less than 50%, mild: 50 - 80%, high: > 80%).<br/><br/>The higher protein binding (usually more than 80%) the less possibility of passage to milk.<br/><br/>From a higher position of caution for those cases of discrepancy encountered among reviewers, we have taken into account the lower values of Protein Binding.'
1768        }); 
1769        </script>
1769
1770        
1770<script type="text/javascript">
1771        $("#btn_vol_dist").popover({
1772            html : true,
1773            placement:'right',
1774            title: 'VD <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_vol_dist&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1775            content: '<b>Volume of distribution</b> (VD) is a reflection of medication distribution within the body after oral or intravenous administration.<br/><br/>Higher Vd values are followed by a lower excretion into breast milk because of diffusion to the interstitial fluid (Vd >12 l = 0,2 l/Kg) or inside the cells (Vd >40 L = 0,6 l/Kg), while lower values (< 3 L = 0,04 l/kg) means that the drug remains into the plasma and hence may be excreted into the milk.'
1776        });
1777        </script>
1777
1778        
1778<script type="text/javascript">
1779        $("#btn_i_l_p").popover({
1780            html : true,
1781            placement:'right',
1782            title: 'M/P ratio <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_i_l_p&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1783            content: '<b>Milk/Plasma ratio</b> (M/P) is the Ratio of concentration in milk of a given substance related to plasma concentration of the same substance.<br/><br/>The lower ratio (<1) the less concentration in milk is attainted. '
1784        }); 
1785        </script>
1785
1786        
1786<script type="text/javascript">
1787        $("#btn_pka").popover({
1788            html : true,
1789            placement:'right',
1790            title: 'pKa <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_pka&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1791            content: '<p>It is the logarithm of the acid or acidic dissociation constant or acidity constant (Ka).</p><p>Substances with pKa &lt; 7 are acidic and, conversely, pKa &gt; 7 are basic.</p><p>The pH of milk (pH = 7-7.2) is slightly more acidic than that of plasma (pH = 7.4). Hence, substances with a basic character (pKa &gt; 7) tend to accumulate in milk since in this medium they are more Ionized&nbsp;and &ldquo;trapped&rdquo; in the milk compartment. Weak acids (pKa &le; 7),&nbsp;highly ionized at plasma pH,&nbsp;practically do not diffuse into milk (L/P&lt;1).</p>'
1792        }); 
1793        </script>
1793
1794        
1794<script type="text/javascript">
1795        $("#btn_tmax").popover({
1796            html : true,
1797            placement:'right',
1798            title: 'Tmax <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_tmax&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1799            content: 'Tmax or <b>Time to peak plasma level</b> is the time to reach the peak plasma concentration of a drug after administration.<br/><br/>This is just the moment to avoid breastfeeding the baby. It is advisable to take the drug or product immediately after having nursed.<br/><br/>From a higher position of caution for those cases of discrepancy encountered among reviewers, we have taken into account the higher values of Maximum time.'
1800        });
1801        </script>
1801
1802        
1802<script type="text/javascript">
1803        $("#btn_tmed").popover({
1804            html : true,
1805            placement:'right',
1806            title: 'T½ <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_tmed&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1807            content: '<p>T1/2 or <strong>Elimination half-life</strong> is the time required to reduce the plasma concentration to one half its initial value is defined as the half-life.</p><p>The shorter (few hours) the more rapid elimination is achieved and hence safer for the breastfed baby.</p><p>From a higher position of caution for those cases of discrepancy encountered among reviewers, it should be applied the higher values of Mean time.</p>'
1808        });
1809        </script>
1809
1810        
1810<script type="text/javascript">
1811        $("#btn_d_rel").popover({
1812            html : true,
1813            placement:'right',
1814            title: 'Relative Dose <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_d_rel&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1815            content: '<p>It<strong>&nbsp;</strong>is the percentage of maternal dose of drug that reaches the infant through the mother&acute;s milk.</p><p>Values under 10% are considered to be safe.</p><p>We estimate the mother&acute;s mean body weight at 60 Kg that is used when the adult dose is presented as mg/kg/day:</p><p><strong>Relative dose</strong> (%) = Theoretical dose of infant (mg(kg/day) x 100 / mother dose (mg/Kg/day)</p>'
1816        });
1817        </script>
1817
1818        
1818<script type="text/javascript">
1819        $("#btn_d_teor").popover({
1820            html : true,
1821            placement:'right',
1822            title: 'Theoretical Dose <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_d_teor&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1823            content: 'It is the amount of drug in mg/kg/day that could receive an infant from mother´s medication. It is estimated from published concentration of drug in the mother milk when assuming a daily ingestion of milk of 150 mL per kilogram of body weight.<br/><br/>By multiplying the milligrams of a substance that is contained in each milliliter of mother´s milk by 150, we calculate the dose of drug in mg/kg/day that is taken by the child:<br/><br/>Theoretical dose (mg/kg/day) = Concentration in the mother´s milk (mg/mL) x 150 '
1824        });
1825        </script>
1825
1826        
1826<script type="text/javascript">
1827        $("#btn_d_terap").popover({
1828            html : true,
1829            placement:'right',
1830            title: 'Ped.Relat.Dose <button type="button" id="close" class="close" onclick="$(&quot;#btn_d_terap&quot;).popover(&quot;hide&quot;);">&times;</button>',
1831            content: '<b>Percent of pediatric therapeutic dose</b>. This is an index which is similar to the relative dose but applied to drugs that are used as pediatric medication.<br/><br/>It is the percentage of dose received by the infant through the breast milk with respect to the usual pediatric dose:<br/><br/>% of therapeutic dose = Infant theoretical dose (mg/kg/day) x 100 / Usual pediatric dose (mg/kg/day)<br/><br/>Values under 10% are considered to be safe'
1832        });   
1833        </script>
1833
1834          
1835         
1835<script>
1836$(':not(#anything)').on('click', function (e) {
1837    $('.btn-link').each(function () {
1838        //the 'is' for buttons that trigger popups
1839        //the 'has' for icons and other elements within a button that triggers a popup
1840        if (!$(this).is(e.target) && $(this).has(e.target).length === 0 && $('.popover').has(e.target).length === 0) {
1841            $(this).popover('hide');
1842            return;
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1863</html> 

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