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}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}
176.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
177/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
178</style>
179
180<link rel='stylesheet' id='gfontdfault-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Condensed:400,700|Droid+Sans:400,700' media='all' />
181<link rel='stylesheet' id='wrcptstyle-css' href='https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/plugins/wrc-pricing-tables-ultimate/assets/css/wrcpt-style.min.css?ver=1.2.6' media='all' />
182<link rel='stylesheet' id='wrcfawsome-css' href='https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/plugins/wrc-pricing-tables-ultimate/assets/css/fontawesome.min.css?ver=5.5.0' media='all' />
183<link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-source-sans-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+3:400,500,700,900&#038;ver=7.0.5' media='all' />
184<link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-source-serif-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Serif+4:400,500,700,900&#038;ver=7.0.5' media='all' />
185<link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-maker-site-css' href='//indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/pum/pum-site-styles.css?generated=1777668361&#038;ver=1.24.0' media='all' />
186<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 186
186
187<script id="jquery-migrate-js" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 187
187
188<script id="wp-customer-reviews-3-frontend-js" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-customer-reviews/js/wp-customer-reviews.js?ver=3.7.7"></script>
188
189<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://indianahistory.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://indianahistory.org/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/118925" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://indianahistory.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
190<link rel='shortlink' href='https://indianahistory.org/?p=118925' />
191    
191<script type="text/javascript">
192        var ajaxCommentImgUrl = "https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-comment-with-sweet-alert/img/";
193    </script>
193
194    <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1749852911988644"/><link rel="icon" href="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-FaviconIHS-32x32.jpg" sizes="32x32" />
195<link rel="icon" href="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-FaviconIHS-192x192.jpg" sizes="192x192" />
196<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-FaviconIHS-180x180.jpg" />
197<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-FaviconIHS-270x270.jpg" />
198<style id="wp-custom-css">
199.pvp_section.pvpAddress{
200	margin-bottom:25px;
201}
202.heroSliderOuter{
203	border-bottom:1px solid #006bb6;
204}
205/* styling for slide 1*/
206/*
207.heroSliderOuter .slide01 a.cta{
208	color:red;
209	border-color:red;
210	margin-top:5%;
211}
212.heroSliderOuter .slide01 a.cta:focus, .heroSliderOuter .slide01 a.cta:hover {
213	background-color:red;
214	color:#fff;
215}
216.heroSliderOuter .slide01 .fancy{
217	color:red;
218	display:none;
219}
220.heroSliderOuter .slide01 .heroMessage{
221
222	color:red;
223	font-weight:700;
224}
225.heroSliderOuter .slide01 .heroMessage img{
226    height: 200px;
227    width: auto;
228    position: relative;
229}
230@media only screen and (max-width:1200px){
231	.heroSliderOuter .slide01 .heroMessage img{
232    height: 150px;
233
234}
235}
236*/
237/* end styling for slide 1*/
238
239
240
241/* styling added to give the menu contrast over lighter backgrounds*/
242.page-template-template-home nav.navGlobal {
243    background: rgba(30, 65, 123, .4);
244}
245
246
247.gridBlockTopLeft .bullLeft,.gridBlockTopLeft .bullRight{
248	display:none;
249}
250
251.page-id-110525 .pageTitle{
252	display:none;
253}
254.page-id-110525 .intColumnWrap{
255	margin-top:0;
256}
257.page-id-110525 .intMain{
258	padding-bottom:0;
259}
260.page-id-106098 .landingColumnsRow .landingColumnBlock:nth-child(even){
261	/*margin-right:0;*/
262}
263
264.page-id-106098 .landingTwoColumn .blockImg span{
265	line-height:1.2;
266}
267
268.page-id-106124 .intAccBlock img.alignleft{
269	float:left;
270	margin-right:15px;
271	margin-bottom:15px;
272	height:130px;
273}
274
275.page-id-106124 .intAccBlock ol li{
276	clear:both;
277	margin-bottom:20px;
278}
279.page-id-106124 .intAccBlock ol li:after {
280  content: "";
281  display: table;
282  clear: both;
283}
284.page-id-106124 .intAccBlock ol li a{
285	white-space:nowrap;
286}
287.page-id-106124 .intAccBlock ol li p{
288    clear: none;
289    float: inherit;
290    display: table;
291    line-height: 28px;
292}
293.page-id-106475 .landingThreeColumn .landingColumnsRow .landingColumnBlock:nth-child(even){
294	margin-right:30px;
295}
296
297.page-id-106536 .intMain h3{
298	width:100%;
299	float:none;
300}
301
302.zoomBGWrapper img{
303	width:100%;
304	height: auto;
305	
306}
307
308/*.page-id-110060 .intAccBlock strong,*/
309.page-id-110060 .intAccBlock h3{
310	color:#ebb210;
311	float:none;
312	clear:both;
313}
314.page-id-110060 .intAccBlock h3{
315margin-top:40px;
316}
317.page-id-110060 .intMain p em {
318    font-size: 18px;
319}
320.page-id-110060 .intAccBlock .alignleft{
321	float:left;
322	margin-right:20px;
323	margin-bottom:20px;
324}
325.page-id-110060 .intAccBlock .alignright{
326	float:right;
327	margin-bottom:20px;
328	margin-left:20px;
329}
330.page-id-110060 .intAccSlideUpWrap p{
331	clear:none;
332	float:none;
333}
334.page-id-110060 .intAccBlock .intCta{
335	margin-top:10px;
336	font-family: 'Bliss-Medium';
337	text-decoration:none;
338	color:#fff;
339	clear:none;
340	float:none;
341	display:inline-block;
342}
343
344.page-id-110060 .intAccBlock .intCta:hover{
345	color:#58b7f9;
346}
347
348
349
350
351/*--new css---*/
352.main-wr-right, .main-wr-left{
353	display:inline-flex;
354}
355.left-text-wr{
356	width:62%;
357	padding-right:3%;
358}
359.right-text-wr{
360	width:62%;
361	padding-left:3%;
362}
363
364.right-image-wr{
365	width:35%;
366	margin-top:15px;
367}
368.left-image-wr{
369	width:35%;
370	margin-top:15px;
371}
372
373.right-wr-mobile{
374	display:none;
375}
376
377.interiorSponser {
378    margin-bottom: 50px;
379}
380
381
382
383div.wrc_pricing_table div.package_caption li.feature_style_3, div#membership_pricing_plan-5 div.package_caption li.feature_style_2 {
384    height: 80px;
385    line-height: 80px;
386    font-size: 14px;
387}
388div.wrc_pricing_table div.package_details li.feature_style_1 {
389    height: 80px;
390    line-height: 80px;
391    font-size: 14px;
392}
393
394.intMain div#membership_pricing_plan-5 div h3 {
395    float: none;
396}
397
398
399
400
401body div#membership_pricing_plan-5 div.special-package li.pricing_table_button {
402    height: 60px !important;
403    line-height: 60px !important;
404    padding-top: 0 ! important;
405}
406
407
408@media screen and (min-width: 1024px){
409div#membership_pricing_plan-5 div.package_caption {
410    width: 31% ! important;
411}
412	div.wrc_pricing_table div.package_details {
413    width: 22% ! important;
414}
415	
416	
417}
418
419
420
421@media only screen and (max-width:500px){
422	.main-wr-right, .main-wr-left{
423	display:block;
424}
425	
426	.left-text-wr, .right-text-wr, .left-image-wr{
427	width:100% ! important;
428	margin-left:0;
429	margin-right:0;
430}
431	.right-wr-mobile{
432	display:block ! important;
433}
434	.right-image-wr{
435	display:none ! important;;
436}
437	
438}
439
440/*-- new css for visit--*/
441.su-row .first-col {
442    padding-right: 7% ! important;
443}
444.interiorWrap .su-box-content ul {
445   
446    box-sizing: border-box;
447	  padding-left:10px;
448}
449
450
451.interiorWrap .su-box-content ul li {
452    line-height: 30px;
453    text-decoration: underline;
454	  list-style:none;
455	   height: auto;
456    display: block;
457    color: #333;
458    text-decoration: none;
459    padding: 8px 0px;
460    font-family: Bliss-Medium;
461    font-size: 21px;
462    letter-spacing: 1px;
463	  font-style:normal ! important;
464}
465
466
467
468.intLeft h4.title{
469    color: #000;
470    font-size: 22px;
471    line-height: 1.2;
472    margin-top: 20px;
473    margin-bottom: 10px;
474}
475.intLeft h3.title{
476    color: goldenrod;
477    font-size: 28px;
478}
479
480.intAccSlideUpWrap .su-row.visit{
481	display:flex;
482}
483.interiorWrap .su-box-content{
484	background-color: #EFC386 ! important;
485    color: #fff ! important;
486    padding: 1em;
487}
488
489.interiorWrap .su-box.su-box-style-default{
490	border-color: #EFC386 ! important;
491}
492.interiorWrap .su-box-title {
493    background-color: #fff ! important;
494    color: #333 ! important;
495	text-transform:uppercase;
496    border-top-left-radius: 1px;
497    border-top-right-radius: 1px;
498	padding: 7px 26px;
499    font-size: 26px;
500    font-weight: 600;
501    letter-spacing: 1px;
502    text-transform: uppercase;
503    font-family: Archer-Bold;
504}
505
506
507
508.interiorWrap .col3-exibit h4 {
509    font-size: 22px;
510    margin-top: 0;
511}
512.interiorWrap .col3-exibit h4 a{
513	text-decoration:none;
514}
515
516.col3-exibit h4 a{
517	text-decoration:none ! important;
518	color:#333 ! important;
519}
520
521.pum-theme-enterprise-blue {
522    background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.20 ) ! important;
523}
524
525.pvpInnerBottom .pvp_columnLeft {
526    overflow: hidden;
527    margin-bottom: 25px;
528		margin-right:13%;
529    padding: 6px;
530    /*background: #006CB7;*/
531}
532.pvp_columnLeft a.columnBlockBtn {
533    width: 100%;
534    background: #006CB7;
535    color: #fff;
536    padding: 10px;
537    font-size: 15px;
538    border: 1px solid #fff;
539	  font-family: 'Bliss-Medium';
540    text-decoration: none;
541}
542
543.pvp_columnLeft.top a.columnBlockBtn{
544	padding: 10px;
545}
546
547.pvp_columnLeft a.columnBlockBtn:hover{
548	 border: 1px solid #006CB7;
549}
550.visit .pvp_columnLeft a.columnBlockBtn {
551    padding: 6px;
552}
553.intAccSlideUpWrap .visit-last div {
554    float: none;
555    clear: both;
556}
557
558.visit-sidebar-wr .pvp_section {
559    overflow: hidden;
560    margin-bottom: 25px;
561    padding: 6px;
562    background: #605470;
563}
564.visit-sidebar-wr a.columnBlockBtn {
565    width: 100%;
566    background: #605470;
567    color: #fff;
568    padding: 10px;
569    font-size: 15px;
570    border: 1px solid #fff;
571}
572.visit-sidebar-wr a.columnBlockBtn:hover{
573	 border: 1px solid #605470;
574}
575
576body .pvp_section.cacc {
577    overflow: hidden;
578    margin-bottom: 25px;
579    padding: 6px;
580    background: #605470;
581    width: 250px;
582}
583
584body .pvp_section.cacc a.columnBlockBtn {
585    width: 250px;
586    background: #605470;
587    color: #fff;
588    padding: 6px;
589    font-size: 15px;
590    border: 1px solid #fff;
591	  font-family: 'Bliss-Medium';
592    text-decoration: none;
593}
594
595body .pvp_section.cacc a.columnBlockBtn:hover{
596	 border: 1px solid #605470;
597}
598
599.pvp_column.pvp_column_last {
600    width: 30%;
601    float: left;
602}
603
604.visit-sidebar-wr  .intAccBlock {
605    clear: both;
606    padding-bottom: 0px;
607}
608.visit-sidebar .intAccBlock {
609    clear: both;
610    padding-bottom: 0px;
611}
612.visit-sidebar .pvpSectionContent {
613    width: 100%;
614}
615.visit-sidebar .pvpSectionContent ul{
616	padding-left:20px;
617}
618
619
620.page-id-11 .childrenloops{
621	display:none ! important;
622}
623
624.page-id-11 .intRight .pvp_column.pvp_columnLeft {
625    margin: 0 auto;
626    text-align: center;
627    float: none;
628}
629
630
631
632
633@media only screen and (max-width:767px){
634	.intAccSlideUpWrap .su-row.visit {
635    display: block;
636}
637	.pvp_column.pvp_column_last {
638    width: 50%;
639    float: left;
640}
641	
642}
643
644@media only screen and (max-width:550px){
645	.pvp_column.pvp_column_last {
646    width: 100%;
647    float: left;
648}
649	.page-id-11 .pvp_column {
650    width: 96%;
651}
652	
653}
654
655/*----------new css--------*/
656
657.view-sidebar-fulllist p{
658	width:100%;
659}
660
661.page-id-114758 .intColumnWrap.intTemp .intLeft {
662    width: calc(100% - 0px);
663    margin-right: 0%;
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665
666.page-id-114758 h1.pageTitle.intTemp {
667    color: #1e417b;
668    
669}
670h3.offered-discount {
671    color: #1e417b;
672    padding-left: 40px;
673    font-size: 28px;
674    padding-top: 30px;
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676.discount-container {
677    padding: 30px 0px;
678   
679    margin: 0 auto;
680}
681.discount-container img{
682	border-radius:5px;
683}
684
685.page-id-114758 .left, .page-id-114758 .right{
686display:inline-block;
687}
688.discount-container .item {
689    margin-bottom: 15px;
690    font-size: 18px;
691}
692
693.gen .left{
694width:10%;
695}
696.gen .right{
697width:80%;
698}
699.general .left{
700width:42%;
701}
702.general .right{
703width:55%;
704}
705
706.gen {
707    margin-top: 15px ! important;
708}
709
710.discount-container h2 {
711    font-size: 36px;
712    font-weight: bold;
713    margin-bottom: 20px;
714    color: #1e417b;
715}
716
717.intMain .discount-container-2 h3 {
718    margin-bottom: 20px;
719    font-size: 24px;
720  color: #1e417b;
721}
722.disc-tel {
723    color: #ed6444 ! important;
724    font-weight: bold;
725    text-decoration: none ! important;
726}
727.discount-container-2 h4 {
728    font-size: 25px;
729    font-weight: bold;
730    margin-bottom: 10px;
731    background: #ED6444;
732	  color:#fff;
733    line-height: 50px;
734    padding-left: 20px;
735    width: 98%;
736}
737
738.discount-container-2 {
739    background: #edeceb;
740    padding: 30px 40px 5px 40px;
741    border-radius: 5px;
742}
743.discount-container-2 .item{
744margin-bottom:10px;
745}
746.discount-container-2{
747	margin-bottom:30px;
748}
749
750.discount-container-2 a.columnBlockBtn {
751    width: 230px;
752    background: #006CB7;
753    color: #fff;
754    padding: 6px;
755    font-size: 15px;
756    border: 1px solid #fff;
757    font-family: 'Bliss-Medium';
758    text-decoration: none;
759}
760.discount-container-2 p .columnBlockBtn{
761	display:none;
762}
763.discount-container-2.cont-8 .su-row{
764	margin-bottom:0;
765}
766
767.getInTouch.show .wpforms-submit-container {
768    margin-top: 100px;
769}
770
771
772#membership_pricing_plan-5 .special-package {
773    z-index: 100;
774    margin-top: 20px;
775}
776
777div.wrc_pricing_table div.package_details li.title_top_radius {
778    -moz-border-radius-topleft: 10px;
779    -webkit-border-top-left-radius: 10px;
780    -khtml-border-top-left-radius: 10px;
781    border-top-left-radius: 10px;
782    -moz-border-radius-topright: 10px;
783    -webkit-border-top-right-radius: 10px;
784    -khtml-border-top-right-radius: 10px;
785    border-top-right-radius: 10px;
786}
787
788.package_caption li.feature_style_3 {
789    background-color: #e6e6e6 ! important;
790}
791.package_caption li.feature_style_2 {
792    background-color: #f5f5f5 ! important;
793}
794
795.package_details li.altrowcolor-1 {
796    background-color: #e6e6e6 ! important;
797}
798.wrcpt_content .wrc_pricing_table .package_details li.altrowcolor-2 {
799    background-color: #e6e6e6;
800}
801.package_details li.altrowcolor-3 {
802    background-color: #e6e6e6 ! important;
803}
804
805
806#membership_pricing_plan-5.wrcpt_content .wrc_pricing_table .package_caption li.feature_style_2, #membership_pricing_plan-5.wrcpt_content .wrc_pricing_table .package_caption li.feature_style_3, #membership_pricing_plan-5.wrcpt_content .wrc_pricing_table .package_details li.feature_style_1 {
807    min-height: 85px;
808    line-height: 85px;
809    font-size: 13px;
810}
811#membership_pricing_plan-5 .package_caption li.feature_style_2 span.caption a, #membership_pricing_plan-5 .package_caption li.feature_style_3 span.caption a {
812    color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue);
813    text-decoration: underline ! important;
814    font-style: normal ! important;
815    font-family: inherit ! important;
816}
817#membership_pricing_plan-5 .package_caption li.feature_style_2 span.caption a:hover, #membership_pricing_plan-5 .package_caption li.feature_style_3 span.caption a:hover {
818    color: #7d7d7d;
819}
820#membership_pricing_plan-5 .package_caption li.pricing_table_plan h3.caption, #membership_pricing_plan-5 .package_caption li.pricing_table_video h3.caption {
821    font-size: 36px;
822    color: #000000;
823    font-weight: bold;
824}
825#membership_pricing_plan-5 .package_caption li.feature_style_2, #membership_pricing_plan-5 .package_caption li.feature_style_3 {
826    padding-right: 30px;
827    text-align: left;
828}
829#membership_pricing_plan-5.wrcpt_content .wrc_pricing_table .package_details li.pricing_table_button .action_button {
830    background: linear-gradient(#1e417b,#3591CA);
831}
832
833@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){
834	.gen .left{
835width:18%;
836}
837.gen .right{
838width:80%;
839}
840	
841}
842
843
844@media only screen and (max-width:768px){
845	.gen .left{
846width:30%;
847}
848.gen .right{
849width:65%;
850}
851	.discount-container-2 h4 {
852    width: 96%;
853}
854	
855}
856
857@media only screen and (max-width:420px){
858	.gen .left{
859width:50%;
860}
861.gen .right{
862width:47%;
863}
864	.discount-container-2 h4 {
865    width: 95%;
866}
867	
868}
869
870</style>
871
872<script type="text/javascript">
873
874	//blog image responsive test
875
876	setTimeout(function(){
877
878		var $blogImage = $('.blogContent .wp-caption img');
879
880		var $blogCaption = $('.blogContent .wp-caption');
881
882
883
884		$blogImage.removeAttr('srcset');
885
886		$blogImage.removeAttr('sizes');
887
888		$blogImage.removeAttr('width');
889
890		$blogImage.removeAttr('height');
891
892		$blogImage.removeAttr('style');
893
894		$blogCaption.removeAttr('style');
895
896	}, 300)
897
898</script>
898
899
900	
901
902<!-- Facebook Pixel Code -->
903
904
905
906<script>
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910!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)
911
912
913
914{if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?
915
916
917
918n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};
919
920
921
922if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';
923
924
925
926n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;
927
928
929
930t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];
931
932
933
934s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script',
935
936
937
938'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');
939
940
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942fbq('init', '
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943
944
945
946fbq('track', 'PageView');
947
948
949
950</script>
950
951
952
953
954<noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none"
955
956
957
958src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1982117418754705&ev=PageView&noscript=1"
959
960
961
962/></noscript>
963
964
965
966<!-- End Facebook Pixel Code -->	
967
968	
969
970<link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://indianahistory.org/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=7.0.5' media='all' />
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973
974</head>
975
976<body class="wp-singular post-template-default single single-post postid-118925 single-format-standard wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-ihs hoosierisafrenchword?">
977
978
979
980<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
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980
981
982<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=
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982"
983
984height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
985
986<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
987
988
989
990<div id="top"></div>
991
992<div class="outerWrap">
993
994	<div class="header">
995
996			
997
998		<!-------------------------
999
1000		---- DONATION AD MODAL ----
1001
1002        -------------------------->
1003
1004		
1005
1006		
1007		
1008
1009		<!-------------------------
1010
1011		---- DONATION AD MODAL ----
1012
1013        -------------------------->
1014
1015		
1016
1017		
1018
1019		<div class="searchBarWrap">
1020
1021			<div class="searchHeader">
1022
1023				<input type="text" aria-label="Search" name="searchBar" class="searchBar searchBarGlobal" placeholder="Search">
1024
1025				<button type="submit" class="searchBarButton searchBarButtonGlobal">Go</button>
1026
1027			</div>
1028
1029			<img alt="Search Close" class="searchClose" src="/wp-content/themes/ihs/images/whiteClose.png">
1030
1031		</div>
1032
1033		<div class="containerWrap">
1034
1035			<div class="headerInner">
1036
1037				<a href="/" class="logoGlobal resetflyout" title="Home" aria-label="Home"  tabindex="0"><img class="whiteLogo" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/themes/ihs/images/ihsLogo.png" alt="We Do History - Indiana Historical Society"><img class="blueLogo" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/themes/ihs/images/ihsLogo_blue.png" alt="We Do History - Indiana Historical Society"></a>
1038
1039				<nav class="navGlobal" role="navigation">
1040
1041					<ul class="mainNav">
1042
1043						<li class="menuVisit">
1044
1045							
1046							<a class="mainNavLink menuflyouttab resetflyout  "   title="Visit" aria-label="This page contains information on visiting the Indiana Historical Society building, including the Basile History Market and Stardust Terrace Café."  tabindex="0">Visit <img class="menuCaret" alt="" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/themes/ihs/images/menuDivet.png" /></a>
1047
1048							<div class="megaMenuDrop mmdVisit">
1049
1050								<div class="megaMenuFlex">
1051
1052									<div class="megaMenuLeft">
1053
1054										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/visit/" class="mainMegaLink" title="Visit" aria-label="Visit"  tabindex="0">Visit</a>
1055
1056
1057
1058										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/purchase-tickets/" target="_blank" title="Purchase Tickets" aria-label="">Purchase Tickets</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/visit/calendar/" title="Calendar" aria-label="Find out what's happening at the History Center."  tabindex="0">Calendar</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/visit/stardust-terrace-cafe/" title="Stardust Terrace Café" aria-label="Information on Stardust Terrace Café"  tabindex="0">Stardust Terrace Café</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/visit/shop/" title="Basile History Market" aria-label="This page contains links to the online store and information about the Basile Market hours of operation."  tabindex="0">Basile History Market</a>
1059									</div>
1060
1061
1062
1063								</div>
1064
1065
1066
1067							</div>
1068
1069						</li>
1070
1071						<li class="menuExplore">
1072
1073							
1074							<a class="menuflyouttab resetflyout  active"  title="Explore" aria-label="This page describes different facets of the Indiana Historical Society that can be explored, including exhibits, collections, IHS Press (publications) and facilities rental."  tabindex="0">Explore <img class="menuCaret" alt="" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/themes/ihs/images/menuDivet_blue.png" /></a>
1075
1076							<div class="megaMenuDrop mmdExplore">
1077
1078								<div class="megaMenuFlex">
1079
1080									<div class="megaMenuLeft">
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/explore/" class="mainMegaLink" title="Explore" aria-label="This page describes different facets of the Indiana Historical Society that can be explored, including exhibits, collections, IHS Press (publications) and facilities rental."  tabindex="0">Explore</a>
1087
1088										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/explore/exhibits/" title="Exhibits" aria-label="Get the full Indiana Experience in the rotating and permanent exhibits in the Eugene and Marilyn Glick Indiana History Center."  tabindex="0">Exhibits</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/online-exhibits/" title="Online Exhibits" aria-label=""  tabindex="0">Online Exhibits</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/explore/our-collections/" title="Our Collections" aria-label="This page contains information and links to the content of the Indiana Historical Society's collections"  tabindex="0">Our Collections</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/explore/ihs-press/" title="IHS Press" aria-label="This page describes publications and publishing services"  tabindex="0">IHS Press</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/explore/facility-rentals/" title="Facility Rentals" aria-label="This page contains information about facility rentals at IHS"  tabindex="0">Facility Rentals</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/explore/podcasts/" title="Podcasts" aria-label=""  tabindex="0">Podcasts</a>
1089									</div>
1090
1091
1092								</div>
1093
1094
1095
1096							</div>
1097
1098						</li>
1099
1100						<li class="menuLearn">
1101
1102							
1103							<a class="menuflyouttab resetflyout "  title="Learn" aria-label="This page contains useful tools for educators."  tabindex="0">Learn <img class="menuCaret" alt="" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/themes/ihs/images/menuDivet_green.png" /></a>
1104
1105							<div class="megaMenuDrop mmdLearn">
1106
1107								<div class="megaMenuFlex">
1108
1109									<div class="megaMenuLeft">
1110
1111										
1112										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/education/" class="mainMegaLink" title="Education" aria-label="This links to the Education page"  tabindex="0">Education</a>
1113
1114										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/education/plan-a-field-trip/" title="Plan a Field Trip/Group Tours" aria-label="Plan a field trip for your students"  tabindex="0">Plan a Field Trip/Group Tours</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/education/education-resources/educator-resources/" title="Educator Resources" aria-label="This page contains useful tools for educators."  tabindex="0">Educator Resources</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/education/education-resources/student-resources/" title="Student Resources" aria-label="This page contains useful tools for students"  tabindex="0">Student Resources</a>
1115									</div>
1116
1117									<div class="megaMenuCenter">
1118
1119										
1120										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/research/" class="mainMegaLink" title="Research" aria-label="Find resources at the IHS library."  tabindex="0">Research</a>
1121
1122										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/research/research-materials/" title="Research Materials" aria-label="This page contains materials to aid in research"  tabindex="0">Research Materials</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/the-remnant-trust/" title="The Remnant Trust" aria-label=""  tabindex="0">The Remnant Trust</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/research/family-history/" title="Family History" aria-label="This page contains useful links for family history research."  tabindex="0">Family History</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/research/conservation/" title="Conservation" aria-label="This page contains information about conservation efforts."  tabindex="0">Conservation</a>
1123									</div>
1124
1125									<div class="megaMenuRight">
1126
1127										
1128										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/across-indiana/" class="mainMegaLink" title="Across Indiana" aria-label="Statewide services from Indina Historical Society"  tabindex="0">Across Indiana</a>
1129
1130										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/across-indiana/local-history-services/" title="Local History Services" aria-label="This page has listings for local history services"  tabindex="0">Local History Services</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/across-indiana/heritage-support-grants/" title="Heritage Support Grants" aria-label="this page contains information about Heritage Support Grants"  tabindex="0">Heritage Support Grants</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/across-indiana/hometown-resources/" title="Hometown Resources" aria-label="This page contains contacts for the various local history resources"  tabindex="0">Hometown Resources</a>
1131									</div>
1132
1133								</div>
1134
1135								<div class="megaMenuBottom">
1136
1137									<a href="https://indianahistory.org/education/living-the-legacy/" title="Learn about Living the Legacy" aria-label="Resources from Living the Legacy program series."  tabindex="0">Learn about Living the Legacy</a>
1138								</div>
1139
1140							</div>
1141
1142						</li>
1143
1144						<li class="menuContribute">
1145
1146							
1147							<a class="menuflyouttab resetflyout "  title="Contribute" aria-label="This links to the Contribute page"  tabindex="0">Contribute <img class="menuCaret" alt="" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/themes/ihs/images/menuDivet_tan.png" /></a>
1148
1149							<div class="megaMenuDrop mmdContribute">
1150
1151								<div class="megaMenuFlex">
1152
1153									<div class="megaMenuLeft">
1154
1155										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/contribute/" class="mainMegaLink" title="Contribute" aria-label="This links to the Contribute page"  tabindex="0">
1155Contribute</a>
1156
1157										<a href="https://indianahistory.org/contribute/why-join-ihs/become-a-member/" title="Join" aria-label="This page has forms to become a member and pay associated fees."  tabindex="0">Join</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/contribute/donate/" title="Donate" aria-label="This page contains forms for contributing to IHS"  tabindex="0">Donate</a><a href="https://indianahistory.org/contribute/volunteer/" title="Volunteer" aria-label="This page describes volunteer opportunities at IHS"  tabindex="0">Volunteer</a>
1158									</div>
1159
1160
1161
1162								</div>
1163
1164
1165
1166							</div>
1167
1168						</li>
1169
1170					</ul>
1171
1172					<ul class="supportNav">
1173
1174
1175
1176						
1177						<li><a class="resetflyout" href="https://members.indianahistory.org/" title="Member Login" aria-label="Member Login"  tabindex="0">Member Login</a></li>
1178
1179						<li><a class="resetflyout" href="https://indianahistory.org/contribute/why-join-ihs/become-a-member/" title="Join" aria-label="This page is for membership information"  tabindex="0">Join</a></li>
1180
1181						<li><a href="https://indianahistory.org/visit/shop/" title="Shop" aria-label="This page contains links to the online store and information about the Basile Market hours of operation."  tabindex="0">Shop</a></li>
1182
1183						<li><div class="searchButton fa fa-search"  tabindex="0"><!--<img class="whiteIcon" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/themes/ihs/images/searchIcon.png" alt="search button"  tabindex="0"><img class="blueIcon" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/themes/ihs/images/searchIcon_blue.png" alt="search button">--></div></li>
1184
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1188
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1190
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1194
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1196
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1198
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1202
1203			</div>
1204
1205		<div class="planVisitBtn"   tabindex="0"><span>Purchase Tickets</span></div>
1206
1207		
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1209
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1211
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1213
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1215
1216        <div class="pvp_title">
1217
1218        	<h5>Purchase Tickets</h5>
1219
1220            <div class="pvp_close"></div>
1221
1222        </div>
1223
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1225
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1227
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1233
1234					<span class="sectionHeading">Tuesday through Saturday</span><span>10 a.m. - 5 p.m.</span>				
1235                    </div>
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1242
1243                    <div class="pvpSectionContent">
1244
1245                        <span class="sectionHeading">Eugene and Marilyn Glick Indiana History Center</span>
1246
1247                        <span>450 West Ohio Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202</span>
1248
1249                    </div>
1250
1251                </div>
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1253					<span class="addInfo" style="margin-bottom:10px;display:block;width:100%;text-align:center;" >
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1274
1275                        <span class="sectionHeading">Indiana Experience <em>Admission</em></span>
1276
1277					<span><b>$15</b> Adults</span><span><b>$14</b> Seniors (60 and over)</span><span><b>$5</b> Youth (ages 5 through 17)</span><span><b>$5</b> Access Pass Holders</span><span><b>Free</b> Children under 5</span><span><b>Free</b> IHS Members</span><span><b>Free</b> Educators and Military</span>                        
1278
1279                        <span class="addInfo"><em>Holiday, Festival of Trees Pricing will Vary. </br></br>Our (FREE) parking lot is located on New York Street a ½ block east of West Street. Free parking with admission.</em></span>
1280
1281                    </div>
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1283                </div>
1284
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1286
1287        </div>
1288
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1290
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1292
1293            	<span class="pvpColumnTitle">Shopping and dining</span>
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1295					
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1298                                    <a href="https://indianahistory.org/visit/shop/" class="pvpColumnBlock columnBlock01" title="Basile History Market" aria-label="Link to the History Market page"  tabindex="0">
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1301
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1303
1304                                                <span>Basile History Market</span>
1305
1306                                            </div>
1307
1308                                        </div>
1309
1310                                        <span>Basile History Market</span>
1311
1312                                    </a>
1313
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1315
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1318
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1322
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1324
1325                                                <span>Stardust Terrace Café</span>
1326
1327                                            </div>
1328
1329                                        </div>
1330
1331                                        <span>Stardust Terrace Café</span>
1332
1333                                    </a>
1334
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1336
1337								                        
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1345
1346            	<span class="pvpColumnTitle">Happening right now!</span>
1347
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1350
1351                                    <a href="https://indianahistory.org/events/hoosier-voices-from-vietnam/" class="pvpColumnBlock columnBlock01" title="Hoosier Voices from Vietnam" aria-label="Hoosier Voices from Vietnam"  tabindex="0">
1352
1353                                        <div class="pvpColumnBlockBG" style="background:url(https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/vietnam-small.jpg) no-repeat center center; background-size: cover;">
1354
1355                                            <div class="pvpColumnBlockBGHover">
1356
1357                                                <span>Hoosier Voices from Vietnam</span>
1358
1359                                            </div>
1360
1361                                        </div>
1362
1363                                    </a>
1364
1365                                </div>                                
1366
1367								
1368                                <div class="pvpColumnBlockWrap">
1369
1370                                    <a href="https://indianahistory.org/events/the-electric-railway-indianas-interurbans/" class="pvpColumnBlock columnBlock01" title="The Electric Railway" aria-label="The Electric Railway: Indiana's Interurbans"  tabindex="0">
1371
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1373
1374                                            <div class="pvpColumnBlockBGHover">
1375
1376                                                <span>The Electric Railway</span>
1377
1378                                            </div>
1379
1380                                        </div>
1381
1382                                    </a>
1383
1384                                </div>                                
1385
1386								
1387                                <div class="pvpColumnBlockWrap">
1388
1389                                    <a href="https://indianahistory.org/?post_type=events&p=115770" class="pvpColumnBlock columnBlock01" title="RESIST!" aria-label="Links to RESIST! Exhibit "  tabindex="0">
1390
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1392
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1394
1395                                                <span>RESIST!</span>
1396
1397                                            </div>
1398
1399                                        </div>
1400
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1402
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1404
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1438
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1471
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1474						<li><a href="https://indianahistory.org/across-indiana/" class="mainMegaLink" title="Across Indiana" aria-label="Statewide services from Indina Historical Society">Across Indiana</a></li>
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1583			<ul class="breadcrumbs"><li><a href="/" aria-label="Home" title="Home">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://indianahistory.org/ihs-blog/" aria-label="IHS&nbsp;Blog" title="IHS&nbsp;Blog">IHS&nbsp;Blog</a></li><li><a href="#" aria-label="Hoosier is a French&nbsp;Word?" title="Hoosier is a French&nbsp;Word?">Hoosier is a French&nbsp;Word?</a></li></ul>			<div class="blogHeader">
1584				<h1 class="pageTitle">Hoosier is a French&nbsp;Word?</h1>
1585		    </div>
1586		    <div class="blogInteriorWrap">
1587				<div class="blogContent">
1588					<div class="blogHeroImage">
1589						<h2 class="blogPostDate">March 5, 2026</h2>
1590                        						<img src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Cropped-detail-of-Nova-Francia.png">
1591					</div>
1592					<!--<h3 class="blogPostTitle">Hoosier is a French&nbsp;Word?</h3>-->
1593					<p>What is a Hoosier? Its origins are something that has challenged the best historians and linguists. There are multiple theories, but none seem to provide a satisfactory answer. In 2024, a brief conversation challenged my perspective of its origin. And if so, it could have originated a century before it was used in John Finley’s 1833 Poem, “The Hoosier Nest”?</p>
1594<p>So rightfully, I am adding another theory to this beloved Indiana mystery.</p>
1595<p><strong><u>A Few Theories of Where Hoosier Came From:</u></strong></p>
1596<p>There have been multiple theories of the etymology of the term Hoosier, most tracing its origins to English-speaking people. It is important to note that the first European language spoken in Indiana was French, not English. One theory is that Sam Hoosier, a contractor on the Louisville and Portland Canal and his Indiana laborers were called Hoosier-men. However, no public record of him exists. Another theory proposes that it derived from land surveyors or census workers who were greeted with a question of “Who’s yere” by rural homesteaders. The greeting of “Who’s yere” developed into Hoosier.</p>
1597<p>In Indiana, our state name comes directly from the anglicized word “Indian” describing the indigenous populations that originally resided here before European contact. Indiana translates to “Land of Indians” or “Indiana Land”. Hoosier was also thought to originate from the indigenous word <em>Hoosa,</em> which was determined to mean corn. Unfortunately, linguists failed to determine<em> Hoosa</em> as an indigenous word. More theories of its origins can be found on the <a href="https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/emblems-and-symbols/what-is-a-hoosier/">Indiana Historical Bureau blog</a>.</p>
1598<p><strong><u>Is Hoosier a French Word? </u></strong></p>
1599<p>Some time ago, a visiting professor from France asked me about the origins of the word Hoosier and I told him no one really knows. Knowing that Indiana was once a French territory, they said, it sounds a lot like the French word,<em> Rougier</em>, which suspiciously sounds like Hoosier. To hear how the word <em>Rougier </em>is pronounced, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfMPl51x3pA">click here</a>. Do you hear it?  The French word<em> Rougier</em>, means to blush, make red, or redden. Could the word Hoosier possibly derive from Indiana’s first European settlers, the French? And what was it exactly referring to?</p>
1600<div id="attachment_118931" style="width: 509px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-118931" class="wp-image-118931 size-full" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-1_V0002_810_medium.jpg" alt="" width="499" height="274" srcset="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-1_V0002_810_medium.jpg 499w, https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-1_V0002_810_medium-300x165.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px" /><p id="caption-attachment-118931" class="wp-caption-text">LaSalle at the Portage Landing, St. Joseph River, Dec. 5, 1679, by Arthur Thomas, 1899 General Print and Lithograph Collection, IHS</p></div>
1601<p><strong><u>Indiana’s French Roots</u></strong></p>
1602<p>
1602Present day Indiana was once known as <em>Nova Francia</em> (New France) from 1534 until 1763. In the 1600s the French, most notably Jesuit missionaries and explorers, were the first Europeans to have contacted indigenous peoples in what is present day Northern Indiana.  The first French settlements consisted of trading posts and military garrisons (forts). The French came to North America due to the fur trade. As European beavers had been hunted to near extinction by the 16<sup>th</sup> century, North America and Nova Francia was a new lucrative venture. Fur was the main economic driver in France and throughout Europe.  In 1534 Jacques Cartier lead an exploration of the Gulf of St. Lawarence (Canada) which is near the Great Lakes, eventually bringing them to present-day Northern Indiana.</p>
1603<div id="attachment_118932" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-118932" class="wp-image-118932 size-full" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-2_dc014_64_medium.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="421" srcset="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-2_dc014_64_medium.jpg 500w, https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-2_dc014_64_medium-300x253.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100v
1603w, 500px" /><p id="caption-attachment-118932" class="wp-caption-text">Americae Sive Novi Orbis, Nova Descripto Map, by Abraham Ortelius, 1588 Map Collection, IHS</p></div>
1604<p> </p>
1605<p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-118926 size-full" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Cropped-detail-of-Nova-Francia.png" alt="" width="813" height="406"  srcset="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Cropped-detail-of-Nova-Francia.png 813w, https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Cropped-detail-of-Nova-Francia-300x150.png 300w, https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Cropped-detail-of-Nova-Francia-768x384.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 813px) 100vw, 813px" /></p>
1606<p><strong>Indiana would be in the <em>Septentrio Nova </em>section, meaning “New North” in Latin. The blue lake is believed to be one of the Great Lakes. </strong></p>
1607<p><strong>[Cropped] <em>Americae Sive Novi Orbis, Nova Descripto</em> Map, by Abraham Ortelius, 1588</strong></p>
1608<p><strong>Map Collection, IHS</strong></p>
1609<p>First European contact for the purpose of trade and exploration was made in the late 1670s by Jesuit missionaries and French explorers. Notably, Robert de La Salle (Rene-Robert Cavalier de la Salle) initiated contact with the Miami (Myaamia) peoples in Northern Indiana on the St. Joseph River (Sakiwasipi – a word used by both Potawatomi and Miami Tribes). The St. Joseph River or the Miami River referred to by La Salle is near the present day southern Michigan border.</p>
1610<div id="attachment_118933" style="width: 509px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-118933" class="wp-image-118933 size-full" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-3_V0002_810_medium.jpg" alt="" width="499" height="274" srcset="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-3_V0002_810_medium.jpg 499w, https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-3_V0002_810_medium-300x165.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px" /><p id="caption-attachment-118933" class="wp-caption-text">LaSalle at the Portage Landing, St. Joseph River, Dec. 5, 1679, by Arthur Thomas, 1899 General Print and Lithograph Collection, IHS</p></div>
1611<p><strong><u>Allies in Trade and Protection</u></strong></p>
1612<p>The first French settlements in what is now Indiana were forts- Fort Ouiatenon in 1717, built across from a Wea tribe village (present-day Lafayette) and Fort St. Phillippe (Fort des Miamis) in 1722 built near <em>Kekionga</em>, a Miami village (present-day Fort Wayne). The French had a relationship with the indigenous tribes of Indiana reinforced through the development of a transatlantic economy, diplomacy, mutual agreements, and treaties.  The tribes traded their fur pelts for cloth, tools, and weapons. Outside of fur trade, the French were allied with the Miami and helped reclaim territory that was lost to other indigenous groups.</p>
1613<p><strong><u>Rougier or Hoosier? </u></strong></p>
1614<p>Since French was the first European language spoken in Indiana, could the French word <em>Rougier </em>be in reference to skin discoloration of Europeans exposed to the elements; a sunburn, ruddy cheeks, or mottled skin? Or could this be in reference to the skin tone of indigenous people or their reverence for the color red? More broadly, the color red is used in indigenous ceremonial events or for spiritual protection. Some groups believe that red is a color that connects you to the spirit world and can be seen by their ancestors who have passed on. Red was used as a pigment for artistic uses and for objects, headdresses, clothing, face or body paint for warriors. Each tribe has its own cultural or spiritual attribution to this color.</p>
1615<div id="attachment_118934" style="width: 509px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-118934" class="wp-image-118934 size-full" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-4_dc015_85_medium.jpg" alt="" width="499" height="355" srcset="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-4_dc015_85_medium.jpg 499w, https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-4_dc015_85_medium-300x213.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px" /><p id="caption-attachment-118934" class="wp-caption-text">Indian Utensils and Arms, 1841 Karl Bodmer Prints Collection, IHS</p></div>
1616<p><strong><u>Indiana’s Indigenous Tribal Use and Understanding of the Color Red</u></strong></p>
1617<p>Red is one of the color quadrants of the indigenous Medicine Wheels (Hoops), each are culture specific to each tribe. Medicine Wheels represent the alignment of several states of being; physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual. The circular shape represents the interconnectivity of one with the natural world. For example, on  <a href="https://www.potawatomi.org/blog/2013/05/24/the-potawatomi-medicine-wheel/">The Potawatomi Medicine Wheel</a>, red symbolizes the south and summer. It also represents the cedar plant which was used for purification and medicine. The Miami attributes the color to symbolize adulthood, responsibility, sacrifice and warfare.</p>
1618<div id="attachment_118935" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-118935" class="wp-image-118935 size-full" src="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-5_aboriginals_39_medium.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="812" srcset="https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-5_aboriginals_39_medium.jpg 500w, https://indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/Image-5_aboriginals_39_medium-185x300.jpg 185w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100v
1618w, 500px" /><p id="caption-attachment-118935" class="wp-caption-text">Speckle’d Loon, A Miami Chief, 1825, By James Otto Lewis The Aboriginal Portfolio, IHS</p></div>
1619<p>Could <em>Rougier </em>evolved into the word Hoosier with the meaning lost due to changing colonial powers and the passage of time? We may never know the true origin of the word Hoosier, but it for sure will continue to be a part of Indiana lore.</p>
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1627							 <div class="authorBio"><p><strong>Nicole Martinez-LeGrand</strong> is the Multicultural Collections Curator in the Library and Archives division at the Indiana Historical Society. She is an adrenaline seeker of the unique kind; she enjoys the thrill of connecting people to their past.</p></div>
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1634			<a href="mailto:?Subject=Indiana Historical Society | Hoosier is a French&nbsp;Word?&amp;Body=What is a Hoosier? Its origins are something that has challenged the best historians and linguists. There are multiple theories, but none seem to provide a satisfactory answer. In 2024, a brief conversation challenged my perspective of its origin. And if so, it could have originated a century before it was used in John Finley’s 1833 [&hellip;] https://indianahistory.org/blog/hoosier-a-french-word/" aria-label="Share with Email"><img alt="Share with Email" src="/wp-content/themes/ihs/images/share_mail.png"></a>
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1905/*
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1914}
1915*/
1916
1917
1918@media screen and (max-width: 450px) {
1919
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1921
1922		display: block !important;
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1924		width: 100% !important;
1925
1926		box-sizing: border-box !important;
1927
1928	}
1929
1930	table.dragndrop.responsive > colgroup, table.email-cell-group.responsive > colgroup, table.email-cell-group.responsive > colgroup > col {
1931
1932		display: none !important;
1933
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1935
1936}
1937
1938/*table.table100 { padding: 30px 20px; border: 1px dashed rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px auto; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); max-width: 300px; }
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vendor: 96 bytes, lines 1945-1947
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2019						</div>
2020					</div>
2021					<div class="footerRowRight">
2022						<span class="footerAddress"><span>Eugene and Marilyn Glick Indiana History Center</span><span>450 West Ohio Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202</span><a href="tel:(317) 232-1882">(317) 232-1882</a></span>
2023					</div>
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2025				<div class="footerCopy">
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2029					<div class="nonprofit">
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2031					</div>			
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2064
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2066<div 
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2068	role="dialog" 
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2086	</div>
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2108		
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2110
2111</div>
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