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759 760<div class="header__scroll-marker"></div> 761 762 <main id="main" class="main" role="main"> 763 764 765<div class="notice-header notice-header--is-full-content-width"> 766 <div id="leaderboard"> 767 <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-101"></div> 768 </div> 769 770 </div> 771 772<div class="sidebar-layout"> 773 <div class="sidebar-layout__content"> 774 <article class="content-container content-container__single"> 775 <header class="article-header "> 776 <div class="date-time article-header__date-time"> 777 <time class="date-time__time" datetime="2026-09-30T05:11:00+01:00"> 778 Wednesday 30 September 2026 5:11 am </time> 779 <span> | </span><span class="date-time__updated"> Updated: </span> 780 <time class="date-time__time" datetime="2026-09-30T10:13:25+01:00"> 781 Wednesday 30 September 2026 10:13 am </time> 782 </div> 783 784 785 <h1 class="article-header__title"> 786 What can steam trains teach us about progress in AI? </h1> 787 788 <div class="article-header__meta"> 789 <div class="author-bio author-bio--has-media author-bio--article-header"> 790 <div class="author-bio__media"> 791 <div class="author-bio__media-ratio-container"> 792 <div class="author-bio__media-item-container"> 793 <img class="media " height="" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" decoding="async" src="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/paul-ormerod-e1697010439876.jpg?w=95&h=95&crop=1" width="" alt=""> 794 </div> 795 </div> 796 </div> 797 798 <div class="author-bio__content"> 799 <p class="author-bio__name"> 800 <span class="screen-reader-text"> 801 By: </span> 802 <a class="author-bio__link" href="https://www.cityam.com/profile/paul-ormerod/" rel="author"> 803 Paul Ormerod </a> 804 </p> 805 806 807 </div> 808 </div> 809<div id="social-share" class="social-share"> 810 <div> 811 <button class="social-share__btn" onclick="toggleSocialShare()"> 812 <svg height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title></title><path d="M12,9a2.98506,2.98506,0,0,0-2.07672.84357l-2.96-1.47992A2.94221,2.94221,0,0,0,7,8a2.94221,2.94221,0,0,0-.03674-0.36365l2.96-1.47992A2.994,2.994,0,1,0,9,4a2.95106,2.95106,0,0,0,.03674.36346l-2.96014,1.48a3,3,0,1,0,0,4.313l2.96014,1.48A2.95106,2.95106,0,0,0,9,12,3,3,0,1,0,12,9Zm0-6a1,1,0,1,1-1,1A1.001,1.001,0,0,1,12,3ZM4,9A1,1,0,1,1,5,8,1.001,1.001,0,0,1,4,9Zm8,4a1,1,0,1,1,1-1A1.001,1.001,0,0,1,12,13Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg> 813 Share 814 </button> 815 <div class="social-share__popup"> 816 <ul> 817 <li class="social-share__popup-item"> 818 <button data-link="https://facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.cityam.com/what-can-steam-trains-teach-us-about-progress-in-ai/" class="social-share__popup-btn" aria-label="Share on Facebook"> 819 <svg width="24" height="24" fill="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 512 512"><title>Facebook</title><path d="M449.446,0c34.525,0 62.554,28.03 62.554,62.554l0,386.892c0,34.524 -28.03,62.554 -62.554,62.554l-106.468,0l0,-192.915l66.6,0l12.672,-82.621l-79.272,0l0,-53.617c0,-22.603 11.073,-44.636 46.58,-44.636l36.042,0l0,-70.34c0,0 -32.71,-5.582 -63.982,-5.582c-65.288,0 -107.96,39.569 -107.96,111.204l0,62.971l-72.573,0l0,82.621l72.573,0l0,192.915l-191.104,0c-34.524,0 -62.554,-28.03 -62.554,-62.554l0,-386.892c0,-34.524 28.029,-62.554 62.554,-62.554l386.892,0Z"></path></svg> Share on Facebook </button> 820 </li> 821 <li class="social-share__popup-item"> 822 <button data-link="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet/?url=https://www.cityam.com/what-can-steam-trains-teach-us-about-progress-in-ai/&text=What%20can%20steam%20trains%20teach%20us%20about%20progress%20in%20AI?" class="social-share__popup-btn" aria-label="Share on Twitter"> 823 <svg width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 1200 1227"><title>X</title><g clip-path="url(#clip0_1_2)"><path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="currentColor"></path></g><defs><clippath id="clip0_1_2"><rect width="1200" height="1227" fill="white"></rect></clippath></defs></svg> Share on Twitter </button> 824 </li> 825 <li class="social-share__popup-item"> 826 <button data-link="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://www.cityam.com/what-can-steam-trains-teach-us-about-progress-in-ai/&summary=Contrary%20to%20popular%20belief,%20Stephenson’
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868 <a href="https://www.google.com/preferences/source?q=https://www.cityam.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: inline-block;"> 869 <svg loading="lazy" decoding="async" fetchpriority="low" width="140" height="36" viewbox="0 0 270 70" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> 870 <rect x="0" y="0" width="270" height="70" rx="12" ry="12" fill="#FFFFFF" stroke="#E0E0E0" stroke-width="1"></rect> 871 <g transform="translate(15, 17) scale(1.5)"> 872 <svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> 873 <path d="M22.56 12.25c0-.78-.07-1.53-.2-2.25H12v4.26h5.92c-.26 1.37-1.04 2.53-2.21 3.31v2.77h3.57c2.08-1.92 3.28-4.74 3.28-8.09z" fill="#4285F4"></path> 874 <path d="M12 23c2.97 0 5.46-.98 7.28-2.66l-3.57-2.77c-.98.66-2.23 1.06-3.71 1.06-2.86 0-5.29-1.93-6.16-4.53H2.18v2.84C3.99 20.53 7.7 23 12 23z" fill="#34A853"></path> 875 <path d="M5.84 14.09c-.22-.66-.35-1.36-.35-2.09s.13-1.43.35-2.09V7.07H2.18C1.43 8.55 1 10.22 1 12s.43 3.45 1.18 4.93l2.85-2.22.81-.62z" fill="#FBBC05"></path> 876 <path d="M12 5.38c1.62 0 3.06.56 4.21 1.64l3.15-3.15C17.45 2.09 14.97 1 12 1 7.7 1 3.99 3.47 2.18 7.07l3.66 2.84c.87-2.6 3.3-4.53 6.16-4.53z" fill="#EA4335"></path> 877 <path d="M1 1h22v22H1z" fill="none"></path> 878 </svg> 879 </g> 880 <g style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; fill: #000000;"> 881 <text x="65" y="32">Add as a preferred</text> 882 <text x="65" y="54">source on Google</text> 883 </g> 884 </svg> 885 </a> 886 </div> 887 </header> 888 <figure class="article-header-featured-image"> 889 890<div class="notice-header notice-header--is-full-content-width notice-header--is-bordered"> 891 <div id="inimage" data-ezoic-unmapped="1"> 892 </div> 893 894 </div> 895<img width="742" height="468" src="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg?w=742" class="media " alt="Historical illustration of Stephensons Rocket, an early steam locomotive with two men and a barrel on a tender car." fetchpriority="high" loading="eager" decoding="sync" srcset="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg 2560w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg?resize=630,397 630w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg?resize=768,484 768w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg?resize=960,605 960w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg?resize=1536,968 1536w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg?resize=2048,1290 2048w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg?resize=1171,738 1171w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg?resize=742,468 742w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg?resize=304,192 304w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Stephensons-Rocket.jpg?resize=79,50 79w" sizes="(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px"> </figure> 896<!-- Ads Injected --><p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>Contrary to popular belief, Stephenson’s Rocket did not hail the dawn of the steam age. Likewise, AI has actually been in development for decades, but progress could now begin to move faster than steam trains ever could, says Paul Ormerod</em></p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The economics Nobel Laureate Robert Solow famously stated in 1987: “you can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics”. </p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Although 40 years ago seems more or less the Dark Ages now in terms of technology, in the years leading up to Solow’s remark there had been major developments in computing. In particular, the PC had spread widely, ending the dependency on large mainframe computers for analytical work and enabling products like Word and Wordstar to replace the office typing pool.</p><div class="notice-header notice-header--is-full-content-width notice-header--is-bordered"> 897 <div id="articlempu1"> 898 <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-110"></div> 899 </div> 900 901 </div><p class="wp-block-paragraph">A similar phenomenon seems to be taking place with AI. It is hardly possible to open a newspaper or open a media link without seeing some AI-related story. But we have not yet seen a surge in productivity from this technology.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">One reason is simply that what we might term “modern” AI is very much in its infancy. 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1021 1022 </div> 1023 </div><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Back 200 years ago, the revolutionary technology of the railways emerged. These opening decades of the 19<sup>th</sup> century give us a useful insight into the evolution of AI in our own times.</p><div class="notice-header notice-header--is-full-content-width notice-header--is-bordered"> 1024 <div id="articlempu2"> 1025 <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-111"></div> 1026 </div> 1027 1028 </div><h2 id="h-the-dawn-of-the-steam-age" class="wp-block-heading">The dawn of the steam age</h2><p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 1829, a famous set of trials was conducted at <a href="https://www.railwaymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/stephensons-rocket-rainhill-and-rise-locomotive" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rainhill to compare the performance of the steam locomotives which had been developed</a>. Stephenson’s Rocket eclipsed the field. </p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">But there were not just contemporary rivals, there was already a history of steam locomotion.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 1804, for example, a steam engine developed by Richard Trevithick had hauled coal on rails in the rapidly developing South Wales coalfields. Its maximum speed was 4mph. </p><div class="notice-header notice-header--is-full-content-width notice-header--is-bordered"> 1029 <div id="articlempu3"> 1030 <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-112"></div> 1031 </div> 1032 1033 </div><p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 1825, the Stockton and Darlington railway was opened with Locomotion no 1. It hauled both freight and, for the first time, passengers over the 26 mile route. Its top speed was 15mph, though in practice it averaged 8mph.</p><aside class="read-more read-more--has-media read-more-auto"> 1034 <div class="read-more__content"> 1035 <h5 class="read-more__label">Read more</h5> 1036 <h4 class="read-more__title"> 1037 <a class="read-more__link" href="https://www.cityam.com/could-ai-wipe-out-middle-management/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Could AI wipe out middle management?</a> 1038 </h4> 1039 </div> 1040 <div class="read-more__media"> 1041 <div class="read-more__media-ratio-container"> 1042 <div class="read-more__media-item-container"> 1043 <img width="203" height="114" src="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Office-worker-1990-Getty-Images-e1788868294208.jpg?w=203&h=114&crop=1" class="media " alt="Office worker in the 1990s, surrounded by vintage computer monitors, calculators, and paper documents." fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Office-worker-1990-Getty-Images-e1788868294208.jpg?resize=256,144 256w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Office-worker-1990-Getty-Images-e1788868294208.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Office-worker-1990-Getty-Images-e1788868294208.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Office-worker-1990-Getty-Images-e1788868294208.jpg?resize=640,360 640w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Office-worker-1990-Getty-Images-e1788868294208.jpg?resize=824,463 824w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Office-worker-1990-Getty-Images-e1788868294208.jpg?resize=720,405 720w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Office-worker-1990-Getty-Images-e1788868294208.jpg?resize=587,330 587w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Office-worker-1990-Getty-Images-e1788868294208.jpg?resize=286,161 286w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Office-worker-1990-Getty-Images-e1788868294208.jpg?resize=203,114 203w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 203px) 100vw, 203px"> </div> 1044 </div> 1045 </div> 1046 </aside><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Rocket was far superior. It was in fact the first truly modern steam engine. Its then revolutionary engineering principles lasted as the basis for all engines until the very end of steam in the late 20<sup>th</sup> century.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Its very success led to it becoming obsolete, and by 1840 locomotives had become seven or eight times more powerful.</p><div class="notice-header notice-header--is-full-content-width notice-header--is-bordered"> 1047 <div id="articlempu4"> 1048 <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-113"></div> 1049 </div> 1050 1051 </div><p class="wp-block-paragraph">AI has a similar history. Neural networks underpin the modern large language models. The idea can be traced back to the 1940s, but neural nets did not really become operational until the publication of the technique of backpropagation in 1986 by David Rumelhart and Geoffrey Hinton.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">It was an exciting time. For example, in the early 1990s my small company led, with the computer science department at UCL, a large consortium financed by government and large firms to develop practical applications of neural network technology.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">The outcome was disappointing. It was rather like Trevithick’s engine. Neural nets seemed to be able to do a few new things, but they were not obviously superior to well established tools of analysis. Everyone had the same experience, and enthusiasm waned.</p><div class="notice-header notice-header--is-full-content-width notice-header--is-bordered"> 1052 <div id="articlempu5"> 1053 <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-114"></div> 1054 </div> 1055 1056 </div><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Interest revived gradually with a paper published by Yoshua Bengio of Montreal in 2003 on a “Neural Probabilistic Language Model”. Further boosts were provided by papers in the 2010s by Bengio and Geoffrey Hinton. But by 2020 we had probably reached a stage equivalent to Locomotion no 1. We could certainly do valuable and useful things which had not previously been possible.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">But the real <a href="https://www.cityam.com/people-and-organizations/ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“Rocket moment” for AI</a> came with the publication of ChatGPT at the end of 2022. This was indeed a revolutionary advance. </p><p class="wp-block-paragraph">Just like Rocket, these first versions are obsolete. Progress has been so phenomenal that the current worry is that AI may lead to the extinction of humanity.</p><div class="notice-header notice-header--is-full-content-width notice-header--is-bordered"> 1057 <div id="articlempu6"> 1058 <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-115"></div> 1059 </div> 1060 1061 </div><p class="wp-block-paragraph">If it does, we will no longer need to worry about productivity. But in the meantime, truly modern AI will give a massive boost over the coming decades.</p><p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Paul Ormerod is an Honorary Professor at the Alliance Business Sc
1061hool at the University of Manchester. You can follow him on Instagram @profpaulormerod</strong></p><aside class="read-more read-more--has-media read-more-auto"> 1062 <div class="read-more__content"> 1063 <h5 class="read-more__label">Read more</h5> 1064 <h4 class="read-more__title"> 1065 <a class="read-more__link" href="https://www.cityam.com/if-britain-stops-believing-in-ai-well-sabotage-our-own-progress/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">If Britain stops believing in AI we’ll sabotage our own progress</a> 1066 </h4> 1067 </div> 1068 <div class="read-more__media"> 1069 <div class="read-more__media-ratio-container"> 1070 <div class="read-more__media-item-container"> 1071 <img width="203" height="114" src="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?w=203&h=114&crop=1" class="media " alt="Three people sabotage a robot AI with bad data, spray paint, and tangling wires, causing system errors." fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=256,144 256w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=400,225 400w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=900,506 900w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=640,360 640w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=824,463 824w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=720,405 720w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=587,330 587w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=286,161 286w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=203,114 203w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 203px) 100vw, 203px"> </div> 1072 </div> 1073 </div> 1074 </aside><div id="primis-container-118752"></div> 1075<footer class="article-footer "> 1076 <div class="social article-footer__social social--is-share"> 1077 <p class="social__title"> 1078 Share this article </p> 1079 1080 <ul class="social__actions"> 1081 <li class="social__actions-item"> 1082 <a href="https://facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.cityam.com/what-can-steam-trains-teach-us-about-progress-in-ai/" class="social__action social__action--facebook" target="_blank" aria-label="Share City AM on Facebook" rel="noopener" data-popup="true"> 1083 <svg width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor" viewbox="0 0 512 512"><title>Facebook</title><path d="M449.446,0c34.525,0 62.554,28.03 62.554,62.554l0,386.892c0,34.524 -28.03,62.554 -62.554,62.554l-106.468,0l0,-192.915l66.6,0l12.672,-82.621l-79.272,0l0,-53.617c0,-22.603 11.073,-44.636 46.58,-44.636l36.042,0l0,-70.34c0,0 -32.71,-5.582 -63.982,-5.582c-65.288,0 -107.96,39.569 -107.96,111.204l0,62.971l-72.573,0l0,82.621l72.573,0l0,192.915l-191.104,0c-34.524,0 -62.554,-28.03 -62.554,-62.554l0,-386.892c0,-34.524 28.029,-62.554 62.554,-62.554l386.892,0Z"></path></svg> </a> 1084 </li> 1085 <li class="social__actions-item"> 1086 <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet/?url=https://www.cityam.com/what-can-steam-trains-teach-us-about-progress-in-ai/&text=What%20can%20steam%20trains%20teach%20us%20about%20progress%20in%20AI?" class="social__action social__action--twitter" target="_blank" aria-label="Share City AM on Twitter" rel="noopener" data-popup="true"> 1087 <svg width="32" height="32" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 1200 1227"><title>X</title><g clip-path="url(#clip0_1_2)"><path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="currentColor"></path></g><defs><clippath id="clip0_1_2"><rect width="1200" height="1227" fill="white"></rect></clippath></defs></svg> </a> 1088 </li> 1089 <li class="social__actions-item"> 1090 <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle/?url=https://www.cityam.com/what-can-steam-trains-teach-us-about-progress-in-ai/&summary=Contrary%20to%20popular%20belief,%20Stephenson%E2%80%99s%20Rocket%20
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1300 <article class="card card--has-media card--has-kicker card--has-density-hd-md category__opinion"> 1301 <div class="card__content"> 1302 1303 <h3 class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.cityam.com/if-britain-stops-believing-in-ai-well-sabotage-our-own-progress/"> 1304 If Britain stops believing in AI we’ll sabotage our own progress </a> 1305 </h3> 1306 <div class="card__meta"> 1307 <span class="card__kicker card__kicker--opinion">Opinion</span> 1308 1309 </div> 1310 1311 </div> 1312 <div class="card__media"> 1313 <div class="card__media-aspect"> 1314 <div class="card__media-element"> 1315 <img width="824" height="463" src="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?w=824&h=463&crop=1" class="media hd-md" alt="Three people sabotage a robot AI with bad data, spray paint, and tangling wires, causing system errors." fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" sizes="auto, (max-width: 767px) 93px, (max-width: 1023px) 286px, 400px" srcset="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=256,144 256w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=400,225 400w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=900,506 900w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=640,360 640w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=824,463 824w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=720,405 720w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=587,330 587w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=286,161 286w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/AI-sabotage-e1789384507392.png?resize=203,114 203w"> </div> 1316 </div> 1317 </div> 1318 </article> 1319 </li> 1320 <li class="content-listing__content-item"> 1321 <article class="card card--has-media card--has-kicker card--has-density-hd-md category__business"> 1322 <div class="card__content"> 1323 1324 <h3 class="card__title"> <a href="https://www.cityam.com/why-are-the-ai-chiefs-calling-for-a-slowdown/"> 1325 Why are the AI chiefs calling for a slowdown? </a> 1326 </h3> 1327 <div class="card__meta"> 1328 <span class="card__kicker card__kicker--business">AI</span> 1329 1330 </div> 1331 1332 </div> 1333 <div class="card__media"> 1334 <div class="card__media-aspect"> 1335 <div class="card__media-element"> 1336 <img width="824" height="463" src="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sam-Altman-OpenAI-ChatGPT-e1768841114333.jpg?w=824&h=463&crop=1" class="media hd-md" alt="Sam Altman discussing OpenAIs ChatGPT advancements at a press conference, emphasizing AI innovation and future developments" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" sizes="auto, (max-width: 767px) 93px, (max-width: 1023px) 286px, 400px" srcset="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sam-Altman-OpenAI-ChatGPT-e1768841114333.jpg?resize=256,144 256w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sam-Altman-OpenAI-ChatGPT-e1768841114333.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sam-Altman-OpenAI-ChatGPT-e1768841114333.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sam-Altman-OpenAI-ChatGPT-e1768841114333.jpg?resize=640,360 640w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sam-Altman-OpenAI-ChatGPT-e1768841114333.jpg?resize=824,463 824w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sam-Altman-OpenAI-ChatGPT-e1768841114333.jpg?resize=720,405 720w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sam-Altman-OpenAI-ChatGPT-e1768841114333.jpg?resize=587,330 587w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sam-Altman-OpenAI-ChatGPT-e1768841114333.jpg?resize=286,161 286w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sam-Altman-OpenAI-ChatGPT-e1768841114333.jpg?resize=203,114 203w"> </div> 1337 </div> 1338 </div> 1339 </article> 1340 </li> 1341 <li class="content-listing__content-item">
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src="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Dario-Amodei-chief-executive-of-Anthropic.jpg?w=824&h=463&crop=1" class="media hd-md" alt="Dario Amodei, CEO of Anthropic, speaking at a tech conference podium, wearing a suit and addressing the audience." fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" decoding="async" sizes="auto, (max-width: 767px) 93px, (max-width: 1023px) 286px, 400px" srcset="https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Dario-Amodei-chief-executive-of-Anthropic.jpg?resize=256,144 256w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Dario-Amodei-chief-executive-of-Anthropic.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Dario-Amodei-chief-executive-of-Anthropic.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Dario-Amodei-chief-executive-of-Anthropic.jpg?resize=640,360 640w, https://www.cityam.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Dario-Amodei-chief-executive-of-Anthropic.jpg?resize=824,463 824w, 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