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Raw biogas runs burners and stationary engines. Upgrading it to biomethane (scrubbing carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and water, then compressing it) is what makes it usable in CNG vehicles.",ratings:[{label:"Accessibility",value:3},{label:"Efficiency",value:3},{label:"Storage ease",value:2},{label:"Cost to start",value:3}]},{name:"Biodiesel",line:"Oil to diesel-compatible fuel",feedstock:"Vegetable oils, used cooking oil, some animal fats",complexity:"Medium to high",hue:"38 92% 55%",icon:h,body:"Filtered, dried oil is reacted with an alcohol and a catalyst (transesterification) to strip out glycerin and leave a fuel that diesel engines can burn. Quality control is the whole game: water, soap and leftover methanol are what destroy injection systems.",ratings:[{label:"Accessibility",value:4},{label:"Efficiency",value:4},{label:"Storage ease",value:5},{label:"Cost to start",value:3}]},{name:"Ethanol",line:"Sugar to alcohol fuel",feedstock:"Sugar crops, starch crops, agricultural surplus",complexity:"Medium to high",hue:"48 96% 60%",icon:g,body:"Ferment sugar into alcohol, then remove the water. Distillation energy is the dominant cost, and the last few percent of water is the hardest part. Blended ethanol works in flex-fuel and most modern gasoline engines; high concentrations need a compatible fuel system.",ratings:[{label:"Accessibility",value:3},{label:"Efficiency",value:3},{label:"Storage ease",value:4},{label:"Cost to start",value:2}]},{name:"Wood Gas",line:"Biomass to combustible gas",feedstock:"Wood, wood chips, dry biomass",complexity:"High",hue:"25 70% 48%",icon:k,body:"Heating biomass with restricted oxygen produces a low-energy producer gas of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane. It powered hundreds of thousands of vehicles during wartime fuel shortages. It is also the most hazardous option here: the gas itself is a colourless, odourless poison.",ratings:[{label:"Accessibility",value:2},{label:"Efficiency",value:2},{label:"Storage ease",value:1},{label:"Cost to start",value:2}]},{name:"Hydrogen",line:"Electricity plus water to hydrogen",feedstock:"Water and electricity",complexity:"Very high",hue:"199 89% 55%",icon:B,body:"Electrolysis splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. Producing it is the easy half. Compression, storage, embrittlement and the energy losses across the whole chain are what keep it in the commercial and industrial tier rather than the backyard tier.",ratings:[{label:"Accessibility",value:1},{label:"Efficiency",value:2},{label:"Storage ease",value:1},{label:"Cost to start",value:1}]},{name:"E-Fuels",line:"Renewable energy plus carbon to liquid fuel",feedstock:"Renewable hydrogen, captured carbon dioxide",complexity:"Industrial",hue:"265 80% 65%",icon:v,body:"Synthesise a real hydrocarbon from renewable hydrogen and captured carbon. The payoff is a drop-in fuel any existing engine can burn, which is why aviation and hard-to-electrify fleets care. The cost is efficie
66ncy: a great deal of electricity for each litre.",ratings:[{label:"Accessibility",value:1},{label:"Efficiency",value:1},{label:"Storage ease",value:5},{label:"Cost to start",value:1}]},{name:"Methanol",line:"Syngas to simple alcohol fuel",feedstock:"Biomass-derived syngas, hydrogen and carbon sources",complexity:"Industrial",hue:"292 70% 60%",icon:x,body:"The simplest alcohol, made at scale from syngas. Easy to store and ship, widely used as a chemical feedstock and marine fuel. Highly toxic, and small-scale synthesis is not a realistic home project.",ratings:[{label:"Accessibility",value:1},{label:"Efficiency",value:2},{label:"Storage ease",value:4},{label:"Cost to start",value:1}]},{name:"Electricity",line:"Renewable power to EV energy",feedstock:"Solar, wind, micro-hydro",complexity:"Low to medium",hue:"187 94% 50%",icon:w,body:"The most accessible self-produced transport energy in history. Panels on a roof, an inverter, optional battery storage, and a charger. Very high efficiency end to end, and the only pathway most people can realistically own outright.",ratings:[{label:"Accessibility",value:5},{label:"Efficiency",value:5},{label:"Storage ease",value:3},{label:"Cost to start",value:3}]}],S=["Biogas","Biodiesel","Ethanol","Wood Gas","Hydrogen","E-Fuels","Electricity"],U=[{label:"Feedstock",values:["Organic waste, manure","Waste oil, oil crops","Sugar and starch crops","Wood and dry biomass","Water and electricity","Hydrogen plus captured CO2","Sun, wind, water"]},{label:"Vehicle compatibility",values:["CNG vehicles after upgrading","Diesel engines, blend limits apply","Flex-fuel and blended gasoline","Stationary engines, road use impractical","Fuel-cell vehicles","Any existing engine, drop-in","EVs and electric equipment"]},{label:"Complexity",rated:!0,values:["Medium","Medium to high","Medium to high","High","Very high","Industrial","Low to medium"]},{label:"Typical scale",values:["Farm to industrial","Home to industrial","Farm to industrial","Farm to commercial","Commercial to industrial","Industrial","Home to industrial"]},{label:"Storage difficulty",rated:!0,values:["High","Low","Medium","Very high","Very high","Low","Medium"]},{label:"Energy efficiency",rated:!0,values:["Medium","High","Medium","Low","Low","Low","Very high"]},{label:"Startup cost",rated:!0,values:["Medium to high","Medium","Medium to high","Medium to high","Very high","Very high","Medium"]},{label:"Ongoing cost",rated:!0,values:["Low","Medium","Medium","Medium","High","High","Low"]},{label:"Best for",values:["Farms and food-waste operations","Diesel equipment with waste-oil access","Crop growers with surplus sugar or starch","Stationary power with abundant wood","Industrial and long-duration storage","Aviation and hard-to-electrify fleets","Almost anyone with an EV"]}],Y=[{have:"Used cooking oil",make:"Biodiesel",hue:"38 92% 55%",icon:h,note:"Filtered, dried and chemically converted into a diesel-compatible fuel. Waste-oil heating is a second option where it is legal."},{have:"Food scraps",make:"Biogas",hue:"150 70% 45%",icon:f,note:"A digester turns kitchen and canteen waste into cooking, heating or generator gas."},{have:"Animal manure",make:"Biomethane",hue:"150 70% 45%",icon:q,note:"The classic farm pathway. Upgrade and compress it and CNG vehicles can run on it."},{have:"Wood and wood waste",make:"Wood gas",hue:"25 70% 48%",icon:k,note:"A gasifier feeding a stationary engine. Effective, and the most hazardous pathway on this page."},{have:"Corn, sugar or starch crops",make:"Ethanol",hue:"48 96% 60%",icon:g,note:"Ferment, then distil. Permits for fuel alcohol production are not optional."},{have:"Agricultural waste",make:"Biogas or wood gas",hue:"150 70% 45%",icon:g,note:"Wet waste goes to a digester, dry waste goes to a gasifier."},{have:"Solar, wind or running water",make:"Electricity",hue:"187 94% 50%",icon:w,note:"Generation plus storage plus charging. The shortest chain from resource to wheels."},{have:"Grid electricity and water",make:"Hydrogen",hue:"199 89% 55%",icon:B,note:"Technically possible at small scale, rarely sensible outside commercial systems."}
66],K=[{title:"Manure to road",hue:"150 70% 45%",steps:["Cow manure","Digester","Biogas","Gas cleanup","Biomethane","Vehicle"]},{title:"Waste oil to road",hue:"38 92% 55%",steps:["Used cooking oil","Preparation","Processing","Quality testing","Diesel vehicle"]},{title:"Sunlight to road",hue:"187 94% 50%",steps:["Sunlight","Solar panel","Electricity","Battery","EV"]},{title:"Corn to road",hue:"48 96% 60%",steps:["Corn","Fermentable sugar","Ethanol","Fuel blend","Flex-fuel vehicle"]},{title:"Wood to power",hue:"25 70% 48%",steps:["Wood","Gasifier","Producer gas","Filtration","Engine"]}],Q=[{machine:"Diesel truck or tractor",hue:"38 92% 55%",icon:q,options:"Biodiesel at rated blends, renewable diesel as a drop-in. High blends can affect warranty, cold starting and after-treatment systems."},{machine:"Gasoline car or pickup",hue:"48 96% 60%",icon:T,options:"Blended ethanol within the manufacturer limit, flex-fuel vehicles for high blends, e-fuels in principle."},{machine:"Generator or stationary engine",hue:"25 70% 48%",icon:j,options:"Biogas, wood gas or biodiesel. Stationary duty cycles are where the awkward fuels actually shine."},{machine:"Farm as a whole",hue:"150 70% 45%",icon:$,options:"Biogas from waste, biodiesel for equipment, solar electricity for everything light. Combining beats perfecting one."},{machine:"Home",hue:"199 89% 55%",icon:I,options:"Solar electricity, biogas for cooking and heating, battery storage for the gaps."},{machine:"EV or electric equipment",hue:"187 94% 50%",icon:_,options:"Your own generation. The highest efficiency and lowest ongoing cost of anything here."}],J=[{level:"Level 1",title:"Reduce purchased fuel",fill:25,body:"Efficiency, better routing, one renewable source. The cheapest energy is the energy you no longer buy."},{level:"Level 2",title:"Produce part of your transport energy",fill:50,body:"Rooftop solar covering most daily driving, or waste oil covering part of a diesel fleet."},{level:"Level 3",title:"Combine multiple sources",fill:75,body:"Solar plus storage plus a second fuel pathway, so one shortfall does not stop everything."},{level:"Level 4",title:"Integrated farm or off-grid system",fill:100,body:"Generation, storage, fuel production and backup designed as one system with real redundancy. Designed, permitted and installed professionally."}],X=[{when:"1860s",what:"The first gas engines run on coal gas: piped, low-energy gas rather than liquid fuel."},{when:"1890s",what:"Rudolf Diesel demonstrates his engine on peanut oil. Compression ignition never required petroleum."},{when:"1900s",what:"Early automobiles are built to run on alcohol as well as gasoline. Farm-distilled ethanol is a genuine competitor."},{when:"1920s",what:"Municipal sewage plants capture digester gas for heat and power, the direct ancestor of farm biogas."},{when:"1940s",what:"Fuel shortages push hundreds of thousands of vehicles in Europe and Asia onto wood gasifiers."},{when:"1970s",what:"Oil shocks revive on-farm ethanol, gasification and vegetable-oil fuels across North America and Europe."},{when:"1990s",what:"Fuel standards and commercial equipment turn waste-oil fuel from an experiment into a specified product."},{when:"2000s",what:"Blending mandates make ethanol and biodiesel a standard part of the fuel supply in many countries."},{when:"2010s",what:"Electrolysis and fuel-cell vehicles move from laboratory to limited commercial deployment."},{when:"2020s",what:"Cheap solar and batteries make electricity the most accessible self-produced transport energy in history."}],ee=[{label:"Flammable liquids",icon:F,note:"Vapour ignites far below the temperature of the liquid itself."},{label:"Combustible gases",icon:Z,note:"Leaks collect in enclosed spaces and wait for a spark."},{label:"Carbon monoxide",icon:G,note:"Colourless, odourless, fatal. The core risk of wood gas."},{label:"High pressure",icon:W,note:"Compressed gas storage fails violently, not gently."},{label:"Toxic chemicals",icon:x,note:"Methanol, lye and catalysts injure through skin and lungs."},{label:"Electricity",icon:P,note:"Solar arrays and electrolysers sit at dangerous DC voltages."},{label:"High temperatures",icon:L,note:"Gasifiers and distillation columns burn on contact."},{label:"Engine modification",icon:M,note:"Fuel-system changes are regulated and can void warranty."},{label:"Fuel storage",icon:H,note:"Tank siting, venting and bunding are code, not opinion."}],ae=[{label:"Buying fuel today",figure:"$1,800 a year",amount:1800,hue:"0 72% 58%",note:"Baseline: 12,000 miles at 24 mpg and $3.60 a gallon."}
66,{label:"Ethanol produced on site",figure:"about $1,260",amount:1260,hue:"48 96% 60%",note:"Distillation energy is the dominant cost."},{label:"Biodiesel from collected waste oil",figure:"about $810",amount:810,hue:"38 92% 55%",note:"Assumes low-cost feedstock and your own labour."},{label:"EV charged largely from your own solar",figure:"about $200",amount:200,hue:"187 94% 50%",note:"Excludes vehicle and equipment capital."}],te={"Very high":5,High:4,"Medium to high":3,Medium:3,"Low to medium":2,Low:2,Industrial:5},p=({value:a,hue:t})=>e.jsx("span",{className:"inline-flex items-center gap-1","aria-hidden":!0,children:[1,2,3,4,5].map(s=>e.jsx("span",{className:"h-1.5 w-1.5 rounded-full",style:{background:s<=a?`hsl(${t})`:"hsl(var(--muted-foreground) / 0.25)",boxShadow:s<=a?`0 0 6px hsl(${t} / 0.6)`:void 0}},s))}),l=({id:a,eyebrow:t,title:s,intro:r,children:d})=>e.jsxs("section",{id:a,className:"mt-16 scroll-mt-24 first:mt-0 sm:mt-24",children:[e.jsx("div",{"aria-hidden":!0,className:"mb-8 h-px w-full bg-gradient-to-r from-primary/40 via-border/50 to-transparent"}),e.jsxs("div",{className:"flex items-center gap-2.5",children:[e.jsx("span",{"aria-hidden":!0,className:"h-4 w-px bg-primary/60"}),e.jsx("p",{className:"text-[11px] uppercase tracking-[0.22em] text-primary/90 sm:text-xs",children:t})]}),e.jsx("h2",{className:"mt-3 text-balance text-2xl font-bold tracking-tight text-foreground sm:text-3xl",children:s}),r?e.jsx("p",{className:"mt-3 max-w-3xl text-base leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground",children:r}):null,e.jsx("div",{className:"mt-8",children:d})]}),se=[{id:"simple",label:"Start here"},{id:"diagrams",label:"How it works"},{id:"methods",label:"Eight methods"},{id:"diesel",label:"Diesel in depth"},{id:"feedstock",label:"What you have"},{id:"pathways",label:"Source to road"},{id:"compare",label:"Comparison"},{id:"density",label:"Energy density"},{id:"machines",label:"What to power"},{id:"levels",label:"Independence"},{id:"economics",label:"Economics"},{id:"start",label:"Where to start"},{id:"mistakes",label:"Common mistakes"},{id:"history",label:"History"},{id:"safety",label:"Safety"},{id:"glossary",label:"Glossary"}],re=[{fuel:"Gasoline (reference)",index:100,hue:"0 0% 65%",note:"The yardstick every other fuel gets measured against."},{fuel:"Diesel",index:111,hue:"38 92% 55%",note:"More energy per litre than gasoline, which is why diesels go further."},{fuel:"Biodiesel",index:103,hue:"38 92% 55%",note:"Very close to diesel. Expect a small mileage drop, not a cliff."},{fuel:"Ethanol",index:67,hue:"48 96% 60%",note:"About two thirds of gasoline, so range falls on high blends."},{fuel:"Methanol",index:49,hue:"292 70% 60%",note:"Half of gasoline. Cheap to make at scale, thirsty to burn."},{fuel:"Biomethane at 200 bar",index:26,hue:"150 70% 45%",note:"Compressed gas needs far more tank volume for the same range."},{fuel:"Hydrogen at 700 bar",index:15,hue:"199 89% 55%",note:"Superb per kilogram, poor per litre. Storage is the whole problem."},{fuel:"Wood gas",index:4,hue:"25 70% 48%",note:"Uncompressed producer gas. Practical for engines beside the gasifier, not for range."}],oe=[{step:"01",title:"Measure what you burn now",body:"Log a month of fuel and electricity. Litres, kilowatt hours, miles, run hours. Without a baseline you cannot tell whether anything you build actually helped."},{step:"02",title:"Inventory your free inputs",body:"Waste oil from a kitchen, manure from livestock, offcuts from a woodshop, roof area facing the sun. Free or nuisance inputs decide which pathway is worth your time."},{step:"03",title:"Check the law before the hardware",body:"Fuel alcohol permits, gas storage rules, electrical interconnection, tank siting. Every one of these is cheaper to answer now than to undo later."},{step:"04",title:"Pick the shortest chain",body:"Fewest conversion steps for the input you already have. Shorter chains lose less energy, break less often and cost less to maintain."},{step:"05",title:"Build small and prove it",body:"One digester, one batch, one string of panels. Small failures teach; large failures are expensive and dangerous."},{step:"06",title:"Test quality every batch",body:"Fuel that looks fine can still destroy an engine. Water, soap, residual alcohol, tar and gas contaminants are what do the damage."},{step:"07",title:"Add redundancy, then scale",body:"Two sources beat one perfected source. Storage plus a second pathway is what turns a project into a supply."}],le=[{wrong:"Skipping the water and soap test on biodiesel",right:"Wash, dry and test every batch. Contaminated fuel wrecks injection pumps long before it stops running."},{wrong:"Running raw biogas in a vehicle",right:"Scrub carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and water first. Hydrogen sulphide corrodes engines and pipework fast."},{wrong:"Operating a gasifier in a closed space",right:"Outdoors, with airflow and carbon monoxide alarms. This is the hazard that kills people on this page."},{wrong:"Sizing a system off a guess",right:"Size off your measured baseline. Oversized equipment idles badly; undersized equipment never covers the load."},{wrong:"Ignoring cold weather",right:"Biodiesel gels, digesters slow down, batteries lose capacity. Design for your worst month, not your average one."},{wrong:"Storing fuel in the wrong container",right:"Rated, vented, grounded, labelled and bunded. Storage rules are code, not preference."},{wrong:"Treating permits as optional",right:"Fuel alcohol production and fuel-system modification are separately regulated in most places. Confirm first."},{wrong:"Counting savings without capital",right:"Include equipment, maintenance, your labour and taxes. Plenty of projects only look cheap on the fuel line alone."}],ie=[{term:"Anaerobic digestion",def:"Bacteria breaking down organic matter without oxygen, producing methane-rich biogas and a nutrient-rich digestate."},{term:"Biomethane",def:"Biogas cleaned of carbon dioxide, water and hydrogen sulphide, then compressed so it behaves like natural gas."},{term:"Transesterification",def:"The reaction that converts oils and fats into biodiesel by swapping glycerin for an alcohol."},{term:"Producer gas",def:"The low-energy carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane mix a gasifier makes from solid biomass."},{term:"Gasification",def:"Heating biomass with restricted oxygen so it becomes a combustible gas instead of burning outright."},{term:"Electrolysis",def:"Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen with electricity."},{term:"Feedstock",def:"The raw input a process converts. Its cost and quality usually decide whether a project works."},{term:"Drop-in fuel",def:"A fuel existing engines and pipelines accept with no modification."},{term:"Energy density",def:"Energy per unit of volume or mass. It set
66s range, tank size and how often you refuel."},{term:"Blend limit",def:"The highest proportion of an alternative fuel a manufacturer rates for an engine."}],ne=()=>{const a=[{head:"Source",icon:g,hue:"150 70% 45%",items:["Food waste","Cooking oil","Crops","Biomass","Manure","Sun, wind, water"]},{head:"Conversion",icon:j,hue:"38 92% 55%",items:["Digester","Processing","Gasifier","Fermenter","Electrolyser","Panels"]},{head:"Fuel",icon:b,hue:"187 94% 50%",items:["Biogas","Biodiesel","Ethanol","Wood gas","Hydrogen","Electricity"]}];return e.jsxs("div",{className:"mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl px-4",children:[e.jsxs("div",{className:"mx-auto flex max-w-2xl flex-col items-center text-center",children:[e.jsx("div",{className:"flex w-full justify-center",children:e.jsxs("p",{className:"inline-flex max-w-full items-center justify-center gap-2 rounded-full border border-primary/30 bg-primary/10 px-3 py-1.5",children:[e.jsx("span",{"aria-hidden":!0,className:"h-1.5 w-1.5 shrink-0 rounded-full bg-primary"}),e.jsx("span",{className:"whitespace-nowrap text-[clamp(8px,2.45vw,12px)] uppercase leading-none tracking-[0.1em] text-primary sm:tracking-[0.2em]",children:"Educational guide to decentralized fuel"})]})}),e.jsx("p",{className:"mt-5 text-pretty text-base leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground sm:text-lg",children:"Explore the technologies that can turn waste, biomass, crops, electricity and renewable energy into fuel for vehicles, equipment, homes, farms and generators."})]}),e.jsx("div",{className:"mt-10 grid items-stretch gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 sm:gap-5",children:a.map((t,s)=>e.jsxs("div",{className:"lift relative overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border p-4 text-left shadow-[0_18px_40px_-28px_hsl(var(--background))] sm:p-5",style:{borderColor:`hsl(${t.hue} / 0.35)`,background:`linear-gradient(160deg, hsl(${t.hue} / 0.12), transparent 70%)`},children:[e.jsx("span",{"aria-hidden":!0,className:"pointer-events-none absolute -right-10 -top-10 h-28 w-28 rounded-full blur-2xl",style:{background:`hsl(${t.hue} / 0.25)`}}),e.jsxs("div",{className:"relative flex items-center justify-between gap-2",children:[e.jsxs("div",{className:"flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2",children:[e.jsx("span",{"aria-hidden":!0,className:"flex h-8 w-8 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-lg border",style:{borderColor:`hsl(${t.hue} / 0.35)`,background:`hsl(${t.hue} / 0.12)`},children:e.jsx(t.icon,{className:"h-4 w-4",style:{color:`hsl(${t.hue})`}})}),e.jsx("p",{className:"truncate text-[11px] uppercase tracking-[0.18em] sm:text-xs",style:{color:`hsl(${t.hue})`},children:t.head})]}),e.jsx("span",{className:"shrink-0 text-[11px] font-medium tabular-nums text-muted-foreground/60",children:`0${s+1}`})]}),e.jsx("span",{"aria-hidden":!0,className:"relative mt-4 block h-px w-full",style:{background:`linear-gradient(90deg, hsl(${t.hue} / 0.45), transparent)`}}),e.jsx("ul",{className:"relative mt-4 flex flex-wrap gap-1.5",children:t.items.map(r=>e.jsx("li",{className:"rounded-full border border-border/50 bg-background/50 px-2.5 py-1 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground sm:text-xs",children:r},r))})]},t.head))})]})},n="38 92% 55%",de=[{name:"Biodiesel (FAME)",line:"Oil plus methanol plus catalyst",hue:"38 92% 55%",icon:x,body:"Transesterification swaps the glycerine in a fat or oil for methanol, leaving thin fatty acid methyl esters that behave like diesel. This is the route almost every home producer takes, and the only one that gives a fuel most modern engines tolerate without modification.",ratings:[{label:"Home feasible",value:4},{label:"Engine safe",value:4},{label:"Cold tolerance",value:2},{label:"Setup cost",value:3}]},{name:"Straight vegetable oil",line:"Filtered oil, heated on board",hue:"150 70% 45%",icon:h,body:"No chemistry at all: f
66ilter the oil, then use a two-tank conversion that starts on diesel and switches to preheated oil once the engine is hot. Cheap on consumables, demanding on hardware, and unforgiving in older indirect-injection engines only.",ratings:[{label:"Home feasible",value:5},{label:"Engine safe",value:2},{label:"Cold tolerance",value:1},{label:"Setup cost",value:4}]},{name:"Renewable diesel (HVO)",line:"Hydrotreated, refinery scale",hue:"199 89% 55%",icon:$,body:"Hydrogen strips the oxygen out of the oil and the result is chemically the same molecule as fossil diesel, with no cold-flow penalty and a long shelf life. It needs high pressure hydrogen, so it is industrial only. Worth knowing because it is what you buy, not build.",ratings:[{label:"Home feasible",value:1},{label:"Engine safe",value:5},{label:"Cold tolerance",value:5},{label:"Setup cost",value:1}]},{name:"Pyrolysis diesel",line:"Waste plastic or tyre oil",hue:"292 70% 60%",icon:F,body:"Heating waste polymer without oxygen cracks it back into a diesel-like liquid. Yields look impressive and the input is free, but the output carries chlorine, sulphur and gums that wreck injection systems unless it is distilled and treated properly.",ratings:[{label:"Home feasible",value:2},{label:"Engine safe",value:1},{label:"Cold tolerance",value:2},{label:"Setup cost",value:2}]}],ce=[{step:"01",head:"Collect",body:"Source waste cooking oil or virgin oil. Keep batches separate, never mix an unknown drum into a known one.",icon:H},{step:"02",head:"Settle and filter",body:"Let solids drop out, then filter to roughly 5 microns. Food particles carry water and water ruins the reaction.",icon:R},{step:"03",head:"Dry",body:"Heat to about 100C and hold until bubbling stops. Any remaining water makes soap instead of fuel.",icon:L},{step:"04",head:"Titrate",body:"Test free fatty acid level and calculate extra catalyst. This single number decides whether the batch works.",icon:v},{step:"05",head:"React",body:"Mix methanol and catalyst into methoxide, add to oil at about 55C and circulate for around an hour.",icon:x},{step:"06",head:"Settle and drain",body:"Glycerine sinks over 8 to 24 hours. Drain it off the bottom and keep it out of the fuel.",icon:V},{step:"07",head:"Wash and dry",body:"Water wash or bubble wash to pull out soap and methanol traces, then dry the fuel again before storage.",icon:h},{step:"08",head:"Test",body:"Wash test, methanol conversion test and cold soak. Only fuel that passes goes anywhere near an injection pump.",icon:z}],he=[{name:"Fresh virgin oil (canola, soy)",grade:5,note:"Low free fatty acid, predictable titration, highest yield."},{name:"Lightly used fryer oil",grade:4,note:"The sweet spot: free to collect and still easy to process."},{name:"Dark, heavily used oil",grade:2,note:"High free fatty acid. More catalyst, more soap, lower yield."},{name:"Animal fats and tallow",grade:2,note:"Works, but gels early. Winter use needs blending."},{name:"Hydrogenated or trap grease",grade:1,note:"Solid at room temperature and contaminated. Skip it."}],ue=[{name:"B5",pct:5,note:"Covered by almost every engine warranty. Invisible in use."},{name:"B20",pct:20,note:"The common fleet blend. Good lubricity, minor cold penalty."},{name:"B50",pct:50,note:"Noticeable cleaning effect. Watch old rubber lines and filters."},{name:"B99",pct:99,note:"Near neat with a splash of diesel for cold flow and shelf life."},{name:"B100",pct:100,note:"Full independence. Needs warm weather or a heated system."}],me=[{name:"Wash test",body:"Shake fuel with water in a jar. Cloudy, milky separation means unreacted oil or soap is still in there.",icon:h},{name:"Methanol conversion (27/3)",body:"3 ml of fuel in 27 ml of methanol. Anything that drops out is unconverted oil and will coke your injectors.",icon:v},{name:"Cold soak filtration",body:"Chill a sample, then filter it. Sterols and monoglycerides clog filters days after a batch looks perfect.",icon:A},{name:"pH and soap",body:"A titration on the washed fuel shows leftover catalyst. Soap holds water and water grows bugs in the tank.",icon:W}],ge=[{fuel:"Petro diesel #2",cloud:"about -10C",risk:1},{fuel:"B20 blend",cloud:"about -7C",risk:2},{fuel:"Canola biodiesel",cloud:"about -3C",risk:3}
66,{fuel:"Waste fryer biodiesel",cloud:"about 0 to 4C",risk:4},{fuel:"Tallow or palm biodiesel",cloud:"about 10 to 16C",risk:5}],pe=["Sealed processor or conical tank","Methanol-safe pump and hose","5 micron filtration","Heating element with thermostat","Titration kit and scales","Methanol vapour extraction","Nitrile gloves and face shield","Dedicated fire extinguisher"],xe=["Methanol is absorbed through skin and blinds before it kills. It burns with an almost invisible flame.","Lye and methoxide cause deep chemical burns. Never mix them in an open bucket.","Glycerine and wash water are chemical waste, not garden water.","Untested fuel can destroy a high pressure common rail pump in one tank.","Road fuel is taxed and regulated in most countries even when you made it yourself."],fe=()=>e.jsxs(l,{id:"diesel",eyebrow:"Priority pathway",title:"Diesel, in depth",intro:"Diesel is the easiest liquid fuel to make at home and the easiest to get wrong. Four routes exist, only one of them is realistic in a shed, and every step below exists because skipping it damages an engine.",children:[e.jsx("div",{className:"grid gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2",children:de.map(a=>e.jsxs("article",{className:"relative flex h-full flex-col overflow-hidden lift rounded-2xl border bg-gradient-to-br from-card/70 to-card/40 p-5",style:{borderColor:`hsl(${a.hue} / 0.28)`},children:[e.jsx("span",{"aria-hidden":!0,className:"pointer-events-none absolute -right-12 -top-12 h-32 w-32 rounded-full blur-2xl",style:{background:`hsl(${a.hue} / 0.18)`}}),e.jsxs("div",{className:"relative flex items-center gap-3",children:[e.jsx("span",{className:"flex h-11 w-11 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-xl border",style:{borderColor:`hsl(${a.hue} / 0.4)`,background:`hsl(${a.hue} / 0.12)`},children:e.jsx(a.icon,{className:"h-5 w-5",style:{color:`hsl(${a.hue})`},"aria-hidden":!0})}),e.jsx("h3",{className:"min-w-0 flex-1 text-lg font-semibold leading-tight text-foreground",children:a.name})]}),e.jsx("p",{className:"relative mt-3 text-sm",style:{color:`hsl(${a.hue})`},children:a.line}),e.jsx("p",{className:"relative mt-3 text-sm leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground",children:a.body}),e.jsx("dl",{className:"relative mt-auto grid gap-x-5 gap-y-2 pt-5 lg:grid-cols-2",children:a.ratings.map(t=>e.jsxs("div",{className:"flex items-center justify-between gap-2",children:[e.jsx("dt",{className:"text-[11px] uppercase tracking-[0.12em] text-muted-foreground/80",children:t.label}),e.jsx("dd",{children:e.jsx(p,{value:t.value,hue:a.hue})})]},t.label))})]},a.name))}),e.jsx("h3",{className:"mt-14 text-lg font-semibold text-foreground",children:"The eight stage biodiesel process"}),e.jsx("ol",{className:"mt-6 grid gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-4",children:ce.map(a=>e.jsxs("li",{className:"relative flex h-full flex-col rounded-2xl border border-border/60 bg-card/50 p-4",children:[e.jsxs("div",{className:"flex items-center justify-between gap-2",children:[e.jsx("span",{className:"flex h-9 w-9 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-lg border",style:{borderColor:`hsl(${n} / 0.4)`,background:`hsl(${n} / 0.12)`},children:e.jsx(a.icon,{className:"h-4 w-4",style:{color:`hsl(${n})`},"aria-hidden":!0})}),e.jsx("span",{className:"shrink-0 text-xs font-medium tabular-nums text-muted-foreground/70",children:a.step})]}),e.jsx("p",{className:"mt-3 text-sm font-semibold text-foreground",children:a.head}),e.jsx("p",{className:"mt-2 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground",children:a.body})]},a.step))}),e.jsxs("div",{className:"mt-14 grid gap-6 lg:grid-cols-2",children:[e.jsxs("div",{className:"rounded-2xl border border-border/60 bg-gradient-to-br from-card/60 to-card/30 p-5",children:[e.jsx("h3",{className:"text-lg font-semibold text-foreground",children:"Oil quality decides everything"}),e.jsx("ul",{className:"mt-5 space-y-4",children:he.map(a=>e.jsxs("li",{children:[e.jsxs("div",{className:"flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-x-3 gap-y-1",children:[e.jsx("p",{className:"min-w-0 text-sm font-medium text-foreground",children:a.name}),e.jsx(p,{value:a.grade,hue:n})]}),e.jsx("p",{className:"mt-1 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground",children:a.note})]},a.name))})]}),e.jsxs("div",{className:"rounded-2xl border border-border/60 bg-gradient-to-br from-card/60 to-card/30 p-5",children:[e.jsx("h3",{className:"text-lg font-semibold text-foreground",children:"The blend ladder"}),e.jsx("p",{className:"mt-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground",children:"Percentage of biodiesel in the tank. Climb it slowly."}),e.jsx("ul",{className:"mt-5 space-y-4",children:ue.map(a=>e.jsxs("li",{children:[e.jsxs("div",{className:"flex items-center justify-between gap-3",children:[e.jsx("p",{className:"text-sm font-semibold text-foreground",children:a.name}),e.jsxs("span",{className:"shrink-0 text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground",children:[a.pct,"%"]})]}),e.jsx("div",{className:"mt-2 h-2 w-full overflow-hidden rounded-full bg-muted/40",children:e.jsx("div",{className:"h-full rounded-full",style:{width:`${a.pct}%`,background:`hsl(${n})`,boxShadow:`0 0 12px hsl(${n} / 0.5)`}})}),e.jsx("p",{className:"mt-2 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground",children:a.note})]},a.name))})]})]}),e.jsx("h3",{className:"mt-14 text-lg font-semibold text-foreground",children:"Four tests before it touches an engine"}),e.jsx("div",{className:"mt-6 grid gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2",children:me.map(a=>e.jsxs("div",{className:"flex h-full gap-3 rounded-2xl border border-border/60 bg-card/50 p-4",children:[e.jsx("span",{className:"flex h-9 w-9 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-lg border",style:{borderColor:`hsl(${n} / 0.4)`,background:`hsl(${n} / 0.12)`},children:e.jsx(a.icon,{className:"h-4 w-4",style:{color:`hsl(${n})`},"aria-hidden":!0})}),e.jsxs("div",{className:"min-w-0",children:[e.jsx("p",{className:"text-sm font-semibold text-foreground",children:a.name}),e.jsx("p",{className:"mt-1 text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground",children:a.body})]})]},a.name))}),e.jsxs("div",{className:"mt-14 rounded-2xl border border-border/60 bg-gradient-to-br from-card/60 to-card/30 p-5",children:[e.jsxs("div",{className:"flex items-center gap-2",children:[e.jsx(A,{className:"h-4 w-4 shrink-0",style:{color:"hsl(199 89% 60%)"},"aria-hidden":!0}),e.jsx("h3",{className:"text-lg font-semibold text-foreground",children:"Cold is the real limit"})]}),e.jsx("p",{className:"mt-2 text-sm leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground",children:"Biodiesel gels well before diesel does. The cloud point is where wax starts forming and filters begin to block, so this table sets your winter blend, not your summer one."}),e.jsx("ul",{className:"mt-5 space-y-3",children:ge.map(a=>e.jsxs("li",{className:"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-4 gap-y-2",children:[e.jsx("p",{className:"w-full min-w-0 text-sm text-foreground sm:w-56",children:a.fuel}),e.jsx("div",{className:"h-2 min-w-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden rounded-full bg-muted/40",children:e.jsx("div",{className:"h-full rounded-full",style:{width:`${a.risk*20}
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