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223			<h1 class="entry-title">Neoclassical Realism</h1>			
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226				<img width="375" height="500" src="https://i0.wp.com/anderswivel.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Realism-and-Foreign-Policy-Analysis-e1721163708436.jpg?fit=375%2C500&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="The book chapter &#039;Foreign Policy Analysis and Realism&#039; by Anders Wivel" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" style="width:100%;height:133.33%;max-width:375px;" data-attachment-id="1206" data-permalink="https://anderswivel.com/research-anders-wivel/neoclassical-realism/realism-and-foreign-policy-analysis/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/anderswivel.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Realism-and-Foreign-Policy-Analysis-e1721163708436.jpg?fit=375%2C500&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="375,500" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-title="Realism and Foreign Policy Analysis" data-image-description="&lt;p&gt;A photo of the first page of the book chapter &amp;#8216;Foreign Policy Analysis and Realism&amp;#8217; by Anders Wivel published in the Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis&lt;/p&gt;
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230	
231	<div class="entry-content">
232		
233<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Theoretically, my work begins from a realist perspective on international relations. I explore how and why states respond to incentives stemmning from the anarchic structure of the international system and their geopolitical environment.</p>
234
235
236
237<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I self-identify as a neoclassical realist, but I have a long time interest in the realist tradition (Thucydides and onwards) and the challenges and opportunities of structural realism.</p>
238
239
240
241<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Some of my work discusses how realism can be used as a framework for understanding foreign policy. In <a href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/56004/chapter-abstract/440997368?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Foreign Policy Analysis and Realism</a> (Oxford University Press, 2024), I provide a critical overview of realist approaches to foreign policy analysis (FPA) and discusses how one of these approaches, neoclassical realism, may be reconceptualized as a template for multi-factor and multi-level analysis benefitting from recent advances in Foreign Policy Analysis. In <a data-type="URL" data-id="https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-475" href="https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-475">Realism in Foreign Policy Analysis</a> (Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 2017), I show how realists have engaged with foreign policy in theory and practice through history and discuss realist perspectives on foreign policy.</p>
242
243
244
245<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Challenges and Opportunities of Neoclassical Realism</h2>
246
247
248
249<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In other work, I zoom in on neoclassical realism and the challenges stemming from combining assumptions on materialist structural forces with the observation the foreign policy is made by human beings impacted by various cognitive, emotional and cultural factors.</p>
250
251
252
253<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In <a data-type="URL" data-id="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/palgrave.
253jird.1800064.pdf" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800064.pdf">Explaining why state X made a certain move last tuesday: the promise and limitations of realist foreign policy analysis</a> (Journal of International Relations and Development, 2005), I discuss what realist foreign policy analysis can and cannot do. I argue that realist foreign policy analysis, neoclassical realism in particular, faces two challenges. The first challenge is to combine structural factors with other variables without ending up with a collection of ad hoc arguments. The second challenge is to combine the realist emphasis on the continued importance of materialist factors with the observation that these factors are interpreted and perceived — not objectively measured — by human beings making foreign policy.</p>
254
255
256
257<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Using Neoclassical Realism in Foreign Policy Analysis</h2>
258
259
260
261<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I apply neoclassical realism in my analytical and empirical work. In <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s42738-019-00020-2" data-type="URL" data-id="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s42738-019-00020-2">Punching above their weight, but why? Explaining Denmark and Estonia in the transatlantic relationship</a>, Matthew Crandall and I use neoclassical realism to argue that material (Estonia) and ontological (Denmark) security concerns explain why the two countries are super-atlanticist (Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 2019). In <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/spsr.12043" data-type="URL" data-id="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/spsr.12043">From peacemaker to warmonger? Explaining Denmark&#8217;s great power politics</a> (Swiss Political Science Review, 2013), I show how a liberal-egalitarian political culture has been decisive in translating systemic incentives into foreign policy in Denmark.</p>
262
263
264
265<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In <a data-type="URL" data-id="https://www.rienner.com/title/Explaining_Foreign_Policy_International_Diplomacy_and_the_Russo_Georgian_War" href="https://www.rienner.com/title/Explaining_Foreign_Policy_International_Diplomacy_and_the_Russo_Georgian_War">Explaining Foreign Policy: International Diplomacy and the Russo-Georgian War</a> (Lynne Rienner, 2012), Hans Mouritzen and I construct a three-level neoclassical realist model for explaining foreign policy. We argue that geopolitics is a missing link in most neoclassical realist analysis and theorizing. Foreign policy is as much a response to geopolitical as to systemic incentives. Consequently, we present a model for analyzing how the interplay in systemic, geopolitical and domestic factors produce foreign policy. You can read the book&#8217;s introductory chapter <a href="https://www.rienner.com/uploads/4f0cbe6372719.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>
266
267
268
269<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Structural Realism</h2>
270
271
272
273<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I have a long time interest in structural realism. In <a data-type="URL" data-id="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-58455-9_9" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-58455-9_9">When Martians Go to Venus: Structural Realism in Europe</a> (2021), I discuss pre-structural (English School), structural, and post-structural (Copenhagen School) realism. In an earlier piece, <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203761472-21/politics-international-theory-reading-waltz-1979-classic-anders-wivel">The politics of international theory: Reading Waltz 1979 as a classic</a>, I argue that rather than an analytical framework, Waltz&#8217;s neorealist theory is now read and used as a &#8216;classic&#8217;, cited by many, but read and used by few.</p>
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567-->

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